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• W4205509411 abstract "In my article in Radical History Review 138, “The Very Quintessence of Persecution: Queer Anti-Fascism in 1970s Western Europe,” I argued that “transgender and gender-nonconforming people and cisgender lesbians” led the way within 1970s European LGBT+ movements in connecting queer liberation, anti-fascism, and anticapitalism, and developing what I argue was a uniquely queer anti-fascism.1 I would like to clarify after publication that this was also the case for West Germany’s Homosexuelle Aktion Westberlin (HAW). On page 69 of my article, I referred to HAW queer anti-fascists as “trans and cis lesbian feminists,” “lesbians and trans people,” and “trans and cis feminists.”2 I intended to include gender-nonconforming activists in these formulations (within a broad notion of trans), but I have since received feedback that my formulation was confusing and led some to believe I was calling the Homosexuelle Aktion Westberlin’s Feminist Group (Femnistengruppe) a transgender women’s group or a cisgender lesbian’s group, neither of which would be accurate.The Feminist Group is an example of how gender-nonconforming queers led the way, along with transgender women and cisgender lesbians, in developing queer anti-fascism within HAW and in other European queer movements. The Feminist Group was founded as an organizing and social space for gender-nonconforming femmes who embraced revolutionary Marxism and reclaimed the German term Tunten for themselves. Tunten is historically a German slur, similar to English words such as sissy, used against effeminate queers. It connotes that the person being verbally attacked is specifically an effeminate man and is therefore usually used against gay men and as a transphobic slur against trans women and non-binary people. Members of the Feminist Group wore femme clothes and took femme names but most did not identify as trans women at this time. That does not say or mean anything about how they may have identified later. It is of course possible that some may have later come out or identified as trans women, trans*, non-binary, genderfluid, or another gender identity. This question is beyond the scope of my research here, but the Feminist Group itself was not founded as a trans women’s group. The Feminist Group was also not a cis lesbian group. Cis lesbians mostly, but not exclusively, organized within the HAW Women’s Group (Frauengruppe).3The members of the Feminist Group saw their own femme gender presentation as a challenge to bourgeois morality and therefore capitalism itself because they argued that fixed gender roles were a product, at least in part, of heteropatriarchal capitalism. They rejected gender roles and expectations all together in a way that they understood to be revolutionary and confrontational.4 They were not the only group where queer anti-fascists organized within HAW. Cis lesbian anti-fascists organized within the Women’s Group before queer socialists and intersectional activists were pushed out, and HAW’s explicitly revolutionary communist political position meant that queer anti-fascism was a part of discussions at regular plenary and group meetings at least before the cis male majority moved the organization away from political radicalness in the mid-1970s.Defining the gender and sexual identities of historical queer groups is never simple. Transgender studies problematizes rigid definitions of gender and distinctions between transsexuality, gender nonconformity, and gender variance today and in the past.5 I understand the members of the Feminist Group to be gender nonconforming, and in this paragraph on page 69 of my article, I attempted to include them under the umbrella of “trans” in line with what Susan Stryker has called “transgender phenomena,” which she has used to get at diverse gender practices including “transsexuality and crossdressing, some aspects of intersexuality and homosexuality, cross-cultural and historical investigations of human gender diversity, [and] myriad specific subcultural expressions of ‘gender atypictality.’”6 However, I regret my formulation here because it caused confusion and was out of step with the relatively clearer formulation I had used in my introduction and elsewhere (“transgender and gender non-conforming people and cisgender lesbians”7) and which I further defined in endnote 4 where I clarified that “transgender, lesbian, and gender-nonconforming are not exclusive terms. The reference highlights the contributions of overlapping identities marginalized within the LGBT+ movement.”8" @default.
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• W4205509411 date "2021-10-01" @default.
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• W4205509411 title "A Clarification" @default.
• W4205509411 cites W2346445907 @default.
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• W4205509411 doi "https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-9450308" @default.
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