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• W4206013451 abstract "Pre-existing broadly cross-reactive CD8 T lymphocytes (CTLs) might provide some protection against the H7N9 influenza A virus. A study reports that 28% of the H7N9 peptides with the capacity to elicit CTL responses are conserved in other influenza A viruses and that these peptides are presented by HLA class I molecules that vary in prevalence by ethnicity. Consequently, indigenous Alaskans and Australians might be particularly susceptible to H7N9 infection. A separate study identifies other genetic and immunological characteristics that are associated with susceptibility to fatal H7N9 infection. The ability of Vibrio cholera to grow in fresh water and salt water and in the human small intestine underlies the water-borne spread and transmission of cholera. By use of a rabbit model of cholera, transposon mutagenesis, and massively parallel sequencing to establish the relative fitness of V cholerae mutants during infection and dissemination, researchers have identified 165 genes not previously implicated in dissemination, 76 new pathogenicity factors, and 414 genes essential for growth. These findings provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the biology of V cholerae throughout its lifecycle. Although Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) cause similar respiratory symptoms, infection with MERS-CoV can also cause acute kidney failure. A study suggests that viral kidney tropism might explain this difference between the viruses. In the study, in-vitro infection of human kidney epithelial cells with MERS-CoV but not SARS-CoV caused cell lysis. Moreover, kidney epithelial cells produced almost 1000-times more infectious progeny when infected with MERS-CoV than did bronchial epithelial cells. Although further research is needed, these results suggest that virus shedding in urine could be involved in MERS-CoV transmission. The progressive loss of CD4 T cells, which undergo abortive infection with HIV, is a major driver of AIDS but the mechanism underlying CD4 T-cell death in HIV-positive individuals is unclear. Two studies provide new clues about the process. The first study shows that more than 95% of quiescent lymphoid CD4 T cells die by caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis (an inflammatory form of programmed cell death) triggered by abortive HIV-1 infection. The second study identifies interferon-γ-inducible protein 16 as a host DNA sensor that triggers an innate immune response that leads to caspase-1 activation, pyroptosis, and CD4 T-cell death. These results suggest that it might be possible to develop host-targeted anti-AIDS therapeutics. Researchers describe the development of H65, a candidate tuberculosis vaccine that contains a fusion protein with six members (EsxC, EsxD, EsxG, EsxH, EsxV, and EsxW) of the early secretory antigenic target (ESAT-6) family. The researchers predict that H65, which has only been tested in mice so far, should provide high population coverage against tuberculosis around the world and note that immunisation with H65 should not interfere with existing diagnostic tests for tuberculosis. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are activated during infection but how do they limit the growth of bacterial pathogens? It is known that, when cocultured with macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, iNKT cells inhibit intracellular replication of M tuberculosis. Now, researchers use this model to show that iNKT cells produce granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) during M tuberculosis infection and that GM-CSF is both necessary and sufficient to control M tuberculosis growth. Thus, iNKT cell production of GM-CSF might be an important component of antimicrobial immunity. Researchers report that malaria can be diagnosed in malaria-infected mice within seconds without using any reagents or drawing blood. Their method uses a short, safe, near-infrared picosecond laser pulse to generate a transient vapour nanobubble around haemozoin, a component of all blood-stage malaria parasites. The vapour nanobubble can be detected optically or acoustically by placing a photoacoustic probe over a shallow blood vessel in the mouse's ear. Nanobubble transdermal detection thus has the potential to facilitate rapid, high-throughput diagnosis and screening of malaria under field conditions." @default.
• W4206013451 created "2022-01-25" @default.
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• W4206013451 date "2014-02-01" @default.
• W4206013451 modified "2023-10-09" @default.
• W4206013451 title "Research brief" @default.
• W4206013451 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70009-x" @default.
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