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• W4206353485 abstract "above Amarch devoted to the memory ofmurdered journalists, Moscow, December 17, 2006. 34 1 World Literature Today This events talking past of August about August the everyone 1991. anniversary For in three Russia of heroic was the talkingabout the anniversary of the events ofAugust1991.Forthree heroic daysinthat summer twenty years ago,wehad joined together to battletotalitarianism and staveoff a coupattempt arranged bya group of high-levelgovernmental officers during Mikhail Gorbachev's vacation. (Thetiming had reminded careful observers ofNikitaKhrushchev 'sousterin 1964,whichhad also taken placeduring hisvacation.) Thisyear many Russiansnostalgically remembered thosedaysof national unity andhope.Someexpressed sadnessanddisappointment ; others bewilderment andsurprise. Looking back, however, everyone perceived one thing clearly: thehistory ofthe newRussiahadbegunnotwiththeformal collapse oftheUSSR,theBelavezhaagreement, noreventheresignation ofGorbachev: ithad startedin the Augustair aroundMoscow's White House,intheefforts ofa popularmovement toprotect newandfragile freedoms. Russianjournalists played a significant roleindefeating thecoup.We did ourbestto keeppeopleinformed andfought against censorship andideological control ofthemedia.It isnoexaggeration tosaythat manyofus were readyto suffer and to sacrifice our careers, prosperity, personal liberty, andevenourlives for thenewfreedom, that great ideawhich had inspired generations ofwriters, reporters, and editors livingin an almosttotally closedand controlled society. At the time,I was workingforOgonek magazine. Alongwithmycolleagues, friends, writers, artists, and some Westernscholars whohappened tobeinRussiafor conferences, I spent thethree daysandnights ofthecoupoutsidetheWhite HouseandinMoscowkitchens talking aboutourfuture - thefuture ofRussia and of the whole globe,suddenlyliberated fromCold War shadowsand monsters. We lookedforward to freeand happyexchange andcooperation between writers, intellectuals, andordinary people.I remember those conversations very well,andourbelief that we could easilybuilda newsociety andfree bothmedia andliterature from ideological control, leaving behind thedarkanddifficult legacy ofRussian andSoviet history. Todayitis clearthatthatnaivebelief and ourlackofpractical experience inbuilding and protecting democracy andfreedoms, including freedom ofthepressand freedom ofexpression ,playeda dramatic roleinourhistory. Our expectations havenotbeenrealized, and,over thecourse ofthepasttwenty years, newrestrictionsand forms ofcensorship have replaced thosethat characterized theSoviet era. Censorship hasplayedanimportant rolein Russia'scultural and intellectual history since medievaltimes,a factthatshouldbe taken intoaccountby anyoneinterested in Russia's pastandcontemporary trends. Inthemedieval period, as intherestofEurope, writings critical oftheofficial church and itsleaderswere burned - sometimes alongwiththeirauthors. Theseventeenth-century Russianpriest Avvakum ,one ofthemosteloquentspeakersand critics ofhis era,burnedat thestakeforhis words,becominga symbolof freedomof expression forcenturies ofRussianintellectuals . BecauseRussiamodernized moreslowly thanwestern Europeand remained underan absolutist government longer, a publicsphere POST-SOVIET LITERATURE The history of Russian art, literature, and journalism is full of diverse examples of cruel pressure and brave resistance. The seventeenth-century Russian priest Avvakum, one of the most eloquent speakers and critics of his era, burned at the stake for his words, becoming a symbol of freedom of expression for centuries of Russian intellectuals. appeared much later.Journalism in Russia was bornin theabsenceofanypublicsphere whatsoever. OnJanuary 1,1703, a specialdecreeissued by Tsar PetertheGreatestablished thefirst Russiannewspaper, Sankt Peterburgskie Novosti (TheSt. Petersburg News ), whichwas meant to promote thetsar'sdecisionsand circulate government regulations. Censorship was born on thesamedayand also affected thesecond significant Russian periodical, Moskovskie Vedomosti (TheMoscow News),whichtheMoscow University publishinghouse startedseveral yearslater.This latterpublication, however, contained more realdiscussion concerning government initiatives andalsopresented thefresh ideas ofRussianintellectuals. So, evenin its earliest period,thehistory ofRussianjournalismreflected two trends thathave remained important inalllater epochs:rigid state censorship and high-minded civicthinking on the needtoimprove Russian life. Often bothtrends areso self-evident and so comingled thatitis almostimpossible to defineany real border between them. Thehistory ofRussianart,literature, and journalism is fullofdiverse examples ofcruel pressure andbraveresistance. Writers andartistsemployed very sophisticated skills toevade censorship. Generations ofRussiansknowthe namesof thoseremarkable individualswho managedto speakfreely to audiencesdespite all therestrictions, who appealedto compassionandjustice , and whocondemned tsarism and totalitarianism. Practically all greatRussian writers devotedtheirtimeand talentto thisissue. Manyimportant scholarly articles Nadezhda Azhgikhina isajournalist, writer, and executive secretary of the Russian Union of Journalists. Agraduate of Moscow State University's Faculty of Journalism (where she now teaches), shereceived a PhD inRussian literature andhas written oredited seventeen books onculture, journalism, human rights, and gender equality. As ajournalist, she has contributed toOgoniok, Nezavisimaya, and Delovoy Vtornik and isalso amember of the Union of Russian Writers, Russian PEN, and the International Federation of Journalists. November -December 201 1135 and booksfocuson theissue,including G. V. Zhirkov's comprehensive History ofCensorship inRussia (2001). Sinceitsvery earliest period, Russian journalismhas featured threecoexisting trends: official mainstream publications that contained little toupsetthepowers-that-be; entirely prohibited booksthatwereeither illegally copied in Russiaand distributed (termed samizdat in Soviettime)or publishedabroad(termed tamizdat in theSovietperiod);and,finally, worksof substancethatmanagednonetheless to somehowpass through thecensorship process, albeitoften withsubstantial cutsand changes.Greatwriters and..." @default.
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• W4206353485 title "Censorship in Russia: Old and New Faces" @default.
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