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• W4206451212 abstract "TheVoicesoftheEastTimorese Women: After War, BeforePeace TERESA CUNHA The overthrow of Portugal'sEstado Novo regimeby the democratic revolution of25 April1974pavedthewayforthenegotiations thatled to theindependenceofitsfiveformer African colonies.The sameprocess wasinitiated inEastTimor, theeasternpartoftheSoutheast Asianisland ofTimor,scarcely 600 kilometres northofAustralia. Fromlate 1975 till theend of 1999,however, EastTimorand itspeoplesendureda 24-year warofoccupationbytheIndonesiangovernment.1 Constrained bythe natureofthewarand themilitary and security imperatives oftheState and theIndonesianregimeEastTimorremainedclosed to theoutside worldformorethana decade. Onlyfromthemid-Eighties, did anyreal knowledgeof whatwas happeningtherebegin to reach international attention.2 Itwasatthistimethatcontact wasre-established with families and people who had residedin East Timoruntilthenand who were, therefore, privileged witnesses towhathad happenedandwascontinuing totakeplace. In thisarticle itismyintention torecover thenarratives ofthewomen of East Timoras bothvalidand necessary formsof knowledge forthe construction ofpeace. These narratives are structured bythelivedrelationbetweenthetragic pastofthewarand theuncertain future ofindependencepolitics. These womenand theirwordshavebeen actively relegatedto thebackground ofhistory and to subaltern status. Andyet,theyrefuseto be reducedto mereshadows,searchinginsteadforthe terms withwhichto construct and reconstruct thepresent forall. Itiswithin thisturmoil ofhopesand contradictions thatthevoicesofthewomenofEastTimoremerge.They are constituent members ofthesociety and theStatethatnowembodies theprivileged spaceand timeidentified as EastTimor. 1AsMary Kaldorreminds us,theidea ofa 'consolidated nation'is rootedin theidea ofa foundational ethnicity foran ethnic identity that wasvirtually absent inpre-colonial societies, beinginlargemeasure an 'invention' stemming from thecolonial obsession with classification. SeeMary Kaldor, Lasnuevas guerras: violência organizada enlaeraglobal(Barcelona: Kriterios Tusquets Publishing, 2001),p. 107.I amconvinced that thesameappliestoEastTimor whose socialstructure and politics wasbased on 'kingdoms' or regions withsignificantly diverse languages andcultural habits. See Geoffrey C. Gunn,Timor Loro Sae500 anos(Macau:Livros do Oriente, 1999),p. 35. The International Red Crosscontributed greatly to thisthrough its programme of 'repatriation' toPortugal offormer public administration employees andtheir families whohad remained inEastTimor. THE VOICES OF THE EAST TIMORESE WOMEN 9I ThewarinEastTimorsystematically organised and imposeda rigorous silencewhichcreatedan ignoranceofwhatwashappeningthereas well as how the people livedand whattheyfelt.The privileged source of information fortheperiodis thediscourseofand about theresistance totheIndonesianoccupation.In it,itis themenwhoare theprivileged authors andprotagonists. Otherrealities andexperiences aremarginalised and obscured. Attimes ofwar, as Dowlerclaims, thediscourse ofnational solidarity becomeshegemonic, overshadowing all others, especially those concerning equality and sexualjustice.3A contributing factor, isthetestimonialnatureofoursources , whichagainplacesmenand theirstruggle centre-stage. The menare theheroesofthenationalstruggle forindependencewhichfundamentally definesthenarrative. Timoresewomen onlyfigure or can be perceivedin thisnarrative ofresistance as either witnesses orsecondary victims. The 'testimonies' of thesewomen are registered in an even more problematic horizonof positivist validity than thatof the men. They are the memories, transmitted bywordof mouthand then recorded in the minutesand reportsof politicaland othermeetings.Some of thesewomen'swordshave,aftertheirdeaths,made themicons of the struggle fornationalliberation; womensuch as Rosa MukiBonaparte, Isabel Lobato or Maria Goreti,among others.Wordsonce utteredby themhavecome to assumethestatusofunquestionable documents for allwhohavecometouse them.Throughtheyears, thesewords, situated betweenmyth and history, havebegun to be partof the legacyof the resistance forfuture generations. AsJoão Arriscado Nunes remindsus, despitetheeccentric naturethat'testimony' poses formodernscience, thesetestimonies are todaypartofhistory, sanctionedbytheorthodoxy ofofficialdom ininternational reports.4 The womenwhomI interviewed overa period of twoyearsinclude students,people in high political office,mothers,workers, formerguerrillasand formerpolitical prisoners.These conversations have traversed manypaths,and are richinwordsspokenas wellas unspoken. This'longconversation' wasendogenoustomyexperienceas participant observer butcorresponds also to theformconsideredmostappropriate in Timoresesociety forlearningand passingon knowledge: one talks, embarking on long conversations wherestoriesare told and related to otherstories,and eventsrelatedto otherevents.The physicalact of speakingand hearingis essentialto the act of knowing, evaluating 3Lorraine Dowler, 'Women onthefrontlines: Rethinking war narratives post9/11',Geojoumal, 58 (2002), 159-65. 4JoãoArriscado Nunes,Teoria critica, cultura eciência: O(s)espaço) s)eo(s) conhecimento (s) daglobalização', inGlobalização, Fatalidade ouUtopia? eá. by Boaventura deSousaSantos (Oporto: Afrontamento, 2001),pp.297-338. 92 TERESA CUNHA and creatingthe memory of knowledge. To speak of peace and waris knowledge; to speakis also to makepeace and to exorcisetheanguish broughtbythewar.Appreciating the performative value of thewords spokenand heardis fundamental to understanding theepistemological and methodological intention ofthisessay whichseeks,atthesametime, torespondtotheconceptualdynamism ofTimoresesociety. The conversations thatI had withthesewomen,concerningtheir histories, are interpretations ofwhathappenedand ishappeningin East Timor.Throughthesedialogueswe reflected together on themeanings thatthey attribute topeace intheir livesand inthelifeofthecommunity. Theycarefully chosethewords, inPortuguese, whichthey thought could bestconveythefacts, theideas and theemotions.Together we created new wordsthatdo not existin Portuguese,to say thingsotherwise impossible. We chose,theyand I, to use Portugueseto recordall our exchanges,but formyinterlocutors Portugueseis a foreignlanguage, and in thecourseofour conversations, notonlyPortuguese butBahasa IndonesianandTetum, with their very different conceptualuniverses and socio-symbolic inheritances, wereall used to weavea risky butrichand complexdialogue.5 To write thehistories thatI had been toldwastofixtherecollections ofthesewomenselectedbytheirmemory. Each recordedconversation, each..." @default.
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• W4206451212 date "2005-01-01" @default.
• W4206451212 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
• W4206451212 title "The Voices of the East Timorese Women: After War, Before Peace" @default.
• W4206451212 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/port.2005.0016" @default.
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