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W4206672910 abstract "Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food SafetyVolume 7, Issue 4 p. 320-396 Free Access Symposium on “Food Technology for Better Nutrition” First published: 18 September 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2008.00049.xCitations: 4AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Introduction to Symposium on “Food Technology for Better Nutrition” New Delhi, November 30 to December 1, 2007 Food being an essential requirement for survival, mankind has been engaged in the quest for food ever since the dawn of creation and has used technology within means for securing edible food. Food technology, therefore, is as ancient as mankind. With advances in science and technology and with changing needs induced by development, the scope for food technology has vastly increased. Advances in science have also opened up new possibilities with biofortification and genetic engineering, which could result in enhancing the nutritive value of foods. The “Green Revolution” in India has contributed to significant augmentation of the production of wheat and rice. Millets, pulses, and legumes, however, did not receive adequate attention. As a result, consumption of millets has decreased and intake of pulses, which is a major source of protein and micronutrients in Indian vegetarian diets, has also diminished. Changes in lifestyles, occupational pattern, and urbanization have also contributed to changes in culinary practices and dietary habits, and have increased the need for safe “convenience foods.” India is the largest producer of milk and the 2nd largest producer of vegetables and fruits. Even so, intake of milk is marginal and intake of vegetables and fruits, which are a major source of micronutrients, continues to be inadequate. Nearly a third of fruits and vegetables produced in the country is now being lost due to lack of proper storage and infrastructural facilities for processing and preserving. Current advances in food technology, if wisely implemented, could contribute to overcome these deficiencies. Apart from sophisticated food technology procedures such as biofortification and genetic engineering, which can make valuable contributions, there is also a need to promote village-based and cottage-based food technology to prevent ongoing wastage of foods and to better harness food resources. Such village-based technology can also contribute to income generation and poverty reduction. The Nutrition Foundation of India, an independent nongovernmental scientific organization devoted to the promotion of health and nutritional well-being of people had organized a Symposium on “Food Technology for Better Nutrition.” The foundation is grateful for the support extended by International Agencies—The Food Policy Research Inst., World Food Program, and the Food and Agriculture Organization. The participants included not only Indian scientists but also outstanding experts from the United States, Thailand, and from international agencies. The symposium had 3 major themes: 1 Technology for improving the nutrient content of crops through biofortification 2 Technology for reducing wastage of vegetables and fruits and processing of millets, oils, and vegetables 3 Food fortification to combat micronutrient deficiencies In earlier years, millets were part of Indian diets but, as was pointed out earlier, millet intake has now diminished considerably. Technologies for improved production of millets and technologies such as blanching, acid treatment, malting, fermenting, and dry heating and popping for processing of millets to reduce antinutritional factors and increase the digestibility and shelf life were discussed at the symposium. The potential beneficial effects of efforts of the Malaysian Palm Oil Board in developing and patenting technologies for processing palm oil, which preserves phytonutrients in palm oil, were presented at the symposium. Apart from ß-carotene, it is a rich source of tocopherols and tocotrienols, which are powerful antioxidants and metabolic regulators. Combating goiter and iodine deficiency disease through iodization of common salt has been India's success story. At the symposium, it was pointed out that this technology has to be vigorously pursued since goiter has not yet been totally eliminated. In recent years, efforts to combat widespread micronutrient malnutrition have attracted considerable attention of nutrition scientists. The relative merits of fortification, use of sprinkles that provide a mixture of micronutrients, and a food-based approach have been under discussion. The outstanding presentation by Dr. Sherry A. Tanumihardjo addressed this important question. This presentation showed that, contrary to some earlier claims, vegetables containing provitamin A carotenoids were successful not only in ensuring vitamin A nutrition but also were shown to be safer than fortification procedures. Because of bio-regulation at levels of absorption and conversion, vitamin A toxicity is not reached with food-based approach. These findings must not only help in deciding appropriate strategy for combating vitamin A deficiency but also provide a powerful argument for augmentation of production and consumption of vegetables and fruits for ensuring improved nutritional status. The NFI is grateful to the editor Dr. Manfred Kroger of Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety for the generous offer to publish the proceedings of this important symposium and the efficient and capable help with editing the participants' contributions. C. Gopalan President 1 1 Nutrition Foundation of India(E-mail: nutritionfoundationofindia@gmail.com) Horticulture and Nutritional Security Strategies for Sustained Development of Horticulture in India G.L. Kaul 1 1 Author last worked in Assam Agricultural Univ., Jorhat, Assam, India. Direct inquiries to author Kaul (E-mail: glkaul@hotmail.com). ABSTRACT: Horticultural crops are well known for their nutritional values for human health and, therefore, constitute a cheap and effective source of nutritional security for the masses. Their specific role in improving vitality and resistance against human diseases/disorders, in particular the degenerative diseases due to high antioxidant activities has received considerable attention from the experts and is highlighted in this study. Fortunately, Indian planners have promoted growth of these crops and related entrepreneurship in the country since the 8th Plan period. The study analyzes major challenges facing Indian horticulture in general and fruits and vegetables, the 2 major sources of nutrition, in particular. Problems of low productivity, postharvest losses, inferior quality of the products, and environmental hazards pose a serious threat as a potential source of nutritional security for the masses. Major advances are highlighted in bringing about perceptible changes through R&D initiatives for improving productivity and enhancing nutritional quality of the produce through improved varieties and hybrids, molecular marker-aided breeding and developing transgenic plants with resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses, and higher nutritional and other economic traits, including longer shelf life. Strategies are proposed for ensuring sustained development, laying emphasis on biotechnology, improved and environmentally safe production and postharvest systems, organic farming, use of electronics, and so on. Introduction Horticulture crops, particularly fruits and vegetables (F&V), are known worldwide as the cheapest and sustainable sources of vitamins (C, A, B6, thiamin, niacin, E), minerals, and dietary fiber. Their contribution as a group is estimated at 91% of vitamin C, 48% of vitamin A, 27% of vitamin B6, 17% of thiamin, and 15% of niacin, 16% of magnesium, 19% of iron, and 9% of calories, while potato, legume vegetables, and tree nuts (almond, filbert, pecan, pistachio, and walnut) contribute 5% of protein in the U.S. diet (Kader 2001). F&Vs are more productive per unit area than cereals and pulses, and thus require much less area (banana 0.03 ha or mango 0.16 ha) to obtain the caloric requirement per adult per year (1100000 kcal) as compared to 0.44 ha for growing wheat (IIHR 2004). Fruits are also a rich source of organic acids such as citric in citrus fruits and tartaric in grapes, besides providing dietary fiber essential for intestinal activity (IIHR 2004). The USDA 2000 Dietary Guidelines encourage consumers to have at least 2 servings of fruits and 3 servings of vegetables each day. In some countries, consumers are encouraged to eat up to 10 servings of F&Vs (Kader 2001). Accordingly, the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) provides for daily consumption of 120 g of fruits and 280 g of vegetables per person for an average Indian for a balanced diet. Several F&Vs contain significant levels of phytochemicals supplying antioxidants, called dietary antioxidants, such as beta-carotene, vitamin C, lycopene, vitamin E, lipoic acid, flavonoids, and polyphenols (Table 1). The levels of the antioxidants also vary among different crops (Table 2). These act as scavengers of free radicals and reactive oxygen species, produced in the body by normal metabolic processes and also generated from external toxins such as pollutants, cigarette smoke, and ozone. These antioxidants prevent the free radicals from disrupting chemical stability of living cells, and in the process, protect individuals from chronic diseases such as cancer, stroke, and cardiovascular and many other degenerative diseases (Singh and others 2005). A chemical (resveratrol) found in the skin of red grapes and in red wine is reported to help fight type 2 diabetes (Sun and others 2007). Scientists from the Univ. of Leicester, U.K., are reported to work on pills made from isolated chemical compounds such as resveratrol from red wine, curcumin from turmeric, and anthocyanins from bilberries that stop the cells becoming malignant, a technique called chemoprevention (Times 2007a). Further, tangerine peel, which contains the compound Salvestrol Q40, has been reported having ability of destroying the enzyme P450CYP1B1 found in human cancer cells (Times 2007b), and may thus provide a treatment for breast, lung, and ovarian cancers. Scientists of UCLA have isolated for the first time the active ingredient of curcuminoids (bisdemethoxycurcumin), a natural substance found in turmeric root that stimulates the immune system to destroy brain-clogging proteins that cause Alzheimer's disease (Fiala and others 2007). Regular intake of foods rich in vitamin C is reported to help prevent ageing of skin, linking the role of vitamin C in the synthesis of collagen-a protein that helps keep skin elastic, gives structure to bones, cartilage, muscle, and blood vessels (Sinha 2007). All these reports establish the importance of regular intake of F&Vs for better health for humans. Table 1—. Major antioxidants supplying fruits and vegetables. Sample Antioxidants Fruits and vegetables 1 Beta-carotene Mango, papaya, carrot, fennel, kale, pumpkin, red pepper, lettuce, spinach, sweet potato 2 Vitamin C Orange, lime, aonla, guava, broccoli, Brussel's sprout, celery, leek, green onion, summer squash 3 Lycopene Tomato, watermelon 4 Vitamin E Green leafy vegetables, sweet potato, mango, papaya, guava 5 Lipoic acid Spinach, beet, broccoli 6 Flavonoids Onions, soybeans, pineapple, pomegranate 7 Polyphenols Grape, nuts, orange, strawberry Table 2—. Antioxidant levels in fruits and vegetables–ORAC units per 100 samples. Crop ORAC units Crop ORAC units Prunes 5570 Kale 11770 Raisins 2830 Spinach 11260 Blueberries 2036 Brussels sprout 1980 Strawberries 1540 Alfalfa sprouts 1930 Plums 949 Broccoli 1890 Oranges 750 Beets 1840 Red grapes 739 Red bell pepper 1710 Cherries 670 Onion 1450 Kiwi fruit 602 Corn 1400 Grapefruit (pink) 483 Eggplant 1390 ORAC = Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity. Source: Dan Roberts: Tufts Univ., Boston, Mass., U.S.A. (http://www.mdsupport.org/library/antiox.html). Horticulture in India India is endowed with a unique agro-climatic diversity conducive for growing a variety of horticulture crops, which covered a total area of 20.20 million hectares (MHA) in 2004–2005 with an annual production of 169.80 million metric tons (MT) (Table 3). India presently accounts for nearly 10% of world fruit production, 11.6% of vegetable production, and continues to be the 2nd largest producer of F&Vs after China. Among fruits, India ranks 1st in mango, banana, sapota, and acid lime. In vegetables, India is 1st in okra and 2nd in peas, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, brinjal, and tomato (NHB 2005). Table 3—. Increase in area, production, and productivity of horticulture crops during 1991–1992 to 2004–2005. Commodity Area (MHA); production (MMT); yield (T/HA) 1991–1992 2004–2005 % increase A. Total horticulture Area 12.8 20.2 57.8 Production 96.6 169.8 75.8 Yield 7.5 8.4 12.0 B. Fruits Area 2.87 4.96 72.8 Production 28.6 49.3 72.4 Yield 10.0 10.7 7.0 C. Vegetables Area 5.6 6.75 20.5 Production 58.5 101.4 73.3 Yield 10.5 15.0 42.8 D. Plantation crops Area 2.3 3.1 34.8 Production 7.5 13.2 76.0 Yield 3.3 4.2 27.3 E. Spices Area 2.0 5.2 160.0 Production 1.9 5.1 168.4 Yield 0.9 1.0 11.1 Source: Indian Horticulture Database NHB (2005). MHA = million hectares; MMT = million metric tons; THA = metric tons/hectare. Major efforts for the development of horticulture in the country started since the VIII Five-Year Plan (1993–1998) only when horticulture was acknowledged as a sustainable means for diversification of Indian agriculture for improving land productivity, generating employment, enhancing potential for agro-based industry and exports, and, above all, provide much-needed nutritional security to the masses. Consequently, the Central Plan outlay for this sector (excluding outlay for R&D) saw a phenomenal rise from Rs. 27 crores (USD 6.75 million) in the VII Five-Year Plan (1988–1993) to Rs. 1000 crores (USD 250 million) in the VIII Five-Year Plan. The thrust for the sector continued in subsequent Plans. Presently, a Natl. Horticulture Mission has been launched covering all the states with a proposed outlay of Rs.15000 crores (USD 3.75 billion) for 2 plan periods to double the annual production to 300 million MT. Investments by the Government of India (GOI) for research in horticulture started only in the IV Five-Year Plan with allocations of Rs. 3.48 crores (USD 0.87 million), which subsequently rose to Rs. 213 crores (USD 53.25 million) in the IX Five-Year Plan. Research achievements made so far include among others about 500 improved varieties and F-1 hybrids of different F&V crops released so far. These include 50 in fruits, 216 in vegetables, 34 in potatoes, and 24 in other tuber crops. Notable among these are new varieties with high nutrient contents, such as carotene in Amrapali mango (16830 μg/100 g pulp), Surya papaya (4309 μg), and Arka Chandan pumpkin (3331 μg), vitamin C in Arka Jeet musk melon (41.6 mg) and Arka Ahuti tomato (26.95 mg), and oleoresin in Paprika (5.77%). Similarly, new regular bearing varieties, free from spongy tissue and high-yielding mango hybrids, soft seeded guava and pomegranate, drought tolerant/resistant selections in pomegranate, ber, aonla, and custard apple, and so on among fruits, and disease resistant hybrids in potato, brinjal, tomato, okra, French bean, water melon, and pea, apart from excellent table varieties/hybrid goods for processing, long distance transport, are other notable innovations (Kaul 2005). Improved management and plant protection technologies have contributed to higher productivity and quality in different crops. Challenges Facing Indian Horticulture Indian horticulture faces serious challenges to achieve twin objectives of becoming globally competitive, and provide nutritional security to its masses on a sustainable basis. These are analyzed hereunder with respect to F&Vs mainly. Demand and supply The total production of F&V in India in 2004–2005 was 49.3 and 101.4 million MT, respectively (Table 3). The demand of the 2 groups of commodities, using the RDA norms of ICMR, is likely to rise to 64.4 and 150.2 million MT respectively (including demand for exports), and for the projected population of around 1.4 billion by 2026. Filling this huge gap is going to be quite daunting, considering the limitations in horizontal expansion due to shrinking land resources, thus leaving improving productivity per unit area (vertical expansion) the major avenue available for reaching the production goals. Low productivity The overall production of horticultural crops improved by over 75% and the area expanded by over 57% during the period from 1991–1992 to 2004–2005 (Table 3), while the overall productivity showed only 12% increase, despite huge investments made in the recent past. F&Vs registered increases of only 7% and 42% in their productivity during this period, with current average productivity only 10 and 15 MT/ha, respectively, much below world average. This is mainly due to senile and unproductive old plantations, slow spread of high-yielding varieties/hybrids of vegetables, severe biotic and abiotic stresses, environmental degradation, postharvest losses, unorganized marketing, and so on. Unless the indigenous production increases and marketing are organized, the retail prices will continue to remain unaffordable for the public, thus restricting consumption to only a small percentage of India's population. Postharvest losses The total loss at wholesale and retail levels put together, as assessed by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in mid-1990s, was 26.10% in tomato followed by onion (18.16%), citrus (17.10%), banana and mango (over 16% each), and potato (7.96%) (Kaul 2005). These losses directly affect their availability and quality. All investments and efforts made for improving postharvest management (PHM) have ended so far at the storage level of bulk quantities of a few commodities, with no care taken at the retail level. Consequently, the fresh produce continues to be sold in open stalls, road side kiosks, carts, footpaths, and so on, exposed directly to weather elements, thus causing serious loss in quality of the produce adding to the other losses. Mango fruits sold in push carts in Bangalore were found to have lowest firmness (1.71 to 2.96 kg) and TSS (16.33° Brix) as compared to firmness of 4.25 to 5.55 kg and TSS of 25.20° Brix for those sold in environmentally controlled units in the same city (Table 4). Similar results were found with tomato fruits. The negative effect of such practices on the antioxidant and other nutritional levels of the fresh produce can be easily presumed. It is this very stuff the consumers purchase at a fairly high price and get poor quality in return, depriving them of nutritients, and also contributing to low average consumption of F & V by the people, thus leading to problems of malnutrition. Table 4—. Quality parameters of mango samples collected from different retail markets of Bangalore (2005–2006). Sample Retail outlet Texture (kg) Acidity (%) TSS (° Brix) 1 HOPCOMS 4.25 0.55 25.20 2 Byataranapura 2.96 0.47 24.80 3 Tindlu 2.00 0.28 16.33 4 Highway 2.03 0.79 20.23 5 Food World 5.44 0.62 20.10 6 City Market 2.27 0.45 20.98 7 Push cart 1.71 0.47 18.40 8 CD at 1% 1.76 0.15 2.91 Source: Indian Inst. of Hort. Research, Bangalore, India. Threats to quality Quality of the produce also suffers due to several factors, primary ones being chemical/pesticide residues, high levels of toxic leachates in groundwater, environmental pollution, and so on. The problem of high pesticide residues following indiscriminate use of harmful pesticides/chemicals is assuming serious proportions, thus making consumers vulnerable to health disorders. Use of copper sulfate in okra to enhance its green color, carbofuron in brinjals for better sheen, phosphomidone and methyl parathion for imparting white color to cauliflower curds, are a few of the well known instances of malpractices adopted by the unscrupulous producers/traders for quick gains, having direct impact on human health. About 20% of the total samples checked by the Centre for Science and Environment, Delhi, failed the maximum residue limits (MRL) set under the PFA Act, despite the fact that MRLs set in the country are far lower than those set by international bodies (Ghosh 2007). Use of sewage water carrying appreciable loads of heavy metals such as lead, chromium, nickel, and copper for irrigating vegetables render these unfit for human and animal consumption (Joshi and Luthra 2000). Research Strategies Research strategies specific to meeting the above challenges are summarized as follows: Conserving plant genetic resources India is endowed with a rich wealth of genetic resources of horticultural crops comprising 66 genera and 899 species, of which 190 (109 species in fruits, 54 in vegetables, and 27 in spices and condiments) are of economic importance (Ghosh 2007). This diversity is a national asset, which includes land races, primitive strains, obsolete cultivars, and indigenously developed and exotic improved lines/cultivars. These have to be collected, conserved, and catalogued to prevent gene erosion due to depletion of forest area and clandestine transfer to other countries. The IPR and Plant Breeders' Rights issues have induced urgency to protect India's genetic resources and utilize these for gene isolation and crop improvement. Improving productivity Increasing per unit area yield of fruits in particular will call for increasing plant population per unit area through adoption of high-density planting using dwarf genotypes including transgenics, canopy management, and so on. Inducing dwarfing either through use of genetically dwarfed rootstocks such as nucellar seedlings in mango, aneuploids in guava, Z. rotundifolia in ber, or breeding of scion cultivars for dwarf stature would be the other options available. The major candidates for this would be mango, guava, litchi, sapota, apple, walnut, sweet orange, and mandarins. Breeding in vegetables would have to be highly goal-specific, such as resistance against biotic stresses due to viral (Tospo, TLCV in tomato, YVM in okra, CVMV of capsicum and chillies), bacterial (wilt in tomato), and fungal (powdery mildew in capsicum and chillies) diseases. Chronic problems such as mango malformation, alternate bearing, guava wilt, spongy tissue, citrus decline, and bunchy top virus of banana need to be resolved through a long-term multidisciplinary approach. At the same time, complete packages of practices appropriate for different agro-climatic regions are required for rejuvenating old and unproductive fruit plantations, which presently occupy prime lands throughout the country. Developing transgenics Transgenic walnut resistant to codling moth produced using Bt gene was the first of its kind in tree fruits, followed by transgenic apple resistant to codling moth, transgenic squash, melons, and papaya resistant to virus (Dandekar and others 2002). In India, 16 transgenics have been evolved so far in select vegetables and fruits with resistance against insects and diseases. Transgenics in papaya and banana with improved shelf life are other significant additions (Kaul 2005). Recent advances made in our understanding of plant-pathogen interactions have led to the discovery of several resistance genes (R) from plants. Genes can be mined from microbial sources, from organisms that are effective bio-control agents for fungal and insect resistance. For abiotic stresses a variety of genes that are expressed by plants in response to abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, and cold have been described (Shinozaki and Yamagauchi-Shinozaki 1997). Developing transgenics with dwarfing gene is another strategic option available. The best candidate genes at present are the rol genes A, B, C, and D from Agrobacterium rhizogenes, which have been shown to influence internodal distance, adventitious rooting, apical dominance, and seed set (Costantino and others 1994). More dwarf genes can be identified and isolated from available genotypes in fruit crops such as dwarf Malling and MM series apple rootstocks, aneuoploids of guava, and Vellaikolumban in mango for which complete genome analysis would be required to locate the specific genes. In vegetables, low-cost molecular techniques already developed and in use need to be deployed for increasing the efficiency of classical breeding programs. Novel strategies are required for exploiting male sterility for hybrid seed production through biological manipulations using molecular biology tools. Manipulation of plant systems such as suppression of pollen formation by changing the temperature or day length for a longer period is 1 of the options. Similarly, delayed senescence or “stay-green” traits enable plants to continue producing food for a longer period resulting in higher yields (Kush 2002). Reducing postharvest losses Loss assessment has to be made on a country-wide basis through scientific surveys, as was done earlier, to identify the change in loss, if any, due to investments made and technologies adopted so far. Developing cost-effective on-farm PHM systems for fresh produce would continue to be research priority to help small farmers to reduce losses and earn better returns. Hence, concepts such as zero- or low-energy storage system, use of locally available packing material, preharvest management, efficient and small mechanical devices, besides standardization of CA and MA storage techniques, would continue to be priority areas. On the biotechnological front, several genes have already been isolated for manipulation of ripening and shelf life. These include genes for enzymes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and cell wall hydrolysis. Success has been achieved in modifying fruit ripening in tomato to provide a longer shelf life. This holds promise for crops like mango, banana, papaya, and other climacteric fruits and vegetables (Kush 2002). Irradiation of fresh produce with very low doses of gamma radiation have been successfully demonstrated in mango, potato, onion, black pepper, chillies, ginger, garlic, raisins, meat products, among others, and endorsed by the Ministry of Health, GOI, for commercial application. The Bhaba Atomic Research Centre (BARC) has set up the commercial food irradiation facility “Poton” at Nasik in Maharashtra for irradiating onions and potato, reducing the losses by 20% in these commodities (Kaul 2005). However, its application has to be standardized for all other major F&Vs, and the constraints in its widespread use have to be properly analyzed. Developing nondestructive methods for sorting F&Vs for internal disorders such as infestation of borers, fruit fly, stone weevil, or spongy tissue, granulation, or even bruised, immature, or cracked fruits before packing assumes priority. Techniques such as acoustic response, ultrasonics, and photometry are now commonly being used in the developed countries, which need to be tested in India as well. More recent innovation is the machine vision, also referred to as computer vision grading of fruits to replace human visual inspection. This involves image generation, image processing, image interpretation, and actuation of a separation mechanism; it shows either external or internal features of certain quality characters such as color, size, shape, injury, and defects (Kachru and Kotwaliwale 2002). Enhancing nutritional qualities High carotenoid content in Amrapalli mango, Surya papaya, and Arka Chandan pumpkin, and vitamin C–rich Arka Jeet muskmelon are a few Indian successes of enhancing nutrient levels in F&Vs through breeding. Levels of nutrients like tocopherols have been altered through manipulation of gamma-tocopherol methyl transferase activity. Iron content can also be manipulated through overexpression. Carotenoid content can be improved in fruit crops like banana as in the case of golden rice. However, a holistic understanding of relevant transport and partitioning mechanisms is required before attempting genetic manipulation for increasing nutritive quality (Grusak and Della Penna 1999). Identifying varieties high in antioxidant capacity should become 1 of the major targets of germplasm evaluation and crop improvement programs. Transgenic plants with increased contents of flavonoids, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid by overexpression of genes have been created in some F&Vs. A high-flavonoid tomato has been developed through traditional breeding methods using a wild tomato species, Lycopersicon pennellii v. puberulum (Willitis and others 2005). Transgenic tomato plants with fruits containing high beta-carotene have been produced as a result" @default.
W4206672910 created "2022-01-26" @default.
W4206672910 date "2008-09-18" @default.
W4206672910 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
W4206672910 title "Symposium on “Food Technology for Better Nutrition”" @default.
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