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• W4206827653 startingPage "217" @default.
• W4206827653 abstract "Biological monitoring (synonym biomonitoring) was developed for the assessment of the health risks from exposure to metals in the work environment, and the approaches and concepts of biomonitoring are derived from such exposures. At present, biomonitoring is increasingly used to assess exposure from the environment. Biomonitoring and assessment of external exposure are complementing activities, where the external exposure assessments are much more widely applied, especially when the number of chemicals concerned is considered. Environmental analysis also offers the advantage of speciation analysis, which is poorly developed for biomonitoring. Biomonitoring, on the other hand, provides information on exposure from all sources, and via all absorption routes, and considers accumulation of the chemical in the body. Biomonitoring using exposure biomarkers considers interindividual differences in the absorption, whereas use of effect biomarkers also considers interindividual differences in sensitivity. Few effect biomarkers, however, have been validated. Biomarkers of susceptibility have so far not been adapted for routine use in metal toxicology. Although the urine and blood are the most commonly used matrixes for metal biomonitoring, the applicability of less invasive matrixes like exhaled breath condensate or hair are currently explored. The major challenges of biomonitoring are related to the interpretation of the biomonitoring data, which requires scientifically justified biomonitoring limit and guidance values considering also possible differences between individual metal species. Expansion of the repertoire of validated effect biomarkers relevant for the key events in the adverse outcome pathways is also of special importance. Scientifically robust, high-quality biomonitoring data may provide invaluable input for the assessment and management of risks related to the exposure to metals both at workplaces and in environmental health." @default.
• W4206827653 created "2022-01-26" @default.
• W4206827653 creator A5006834808 @default.
• W4206827653 creator A5039729753 @default.
• W4206827653 creator A5046003979 @default.
• W4206827653 date "2022-01-01" @default.
• W4206827653 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W4206827653 title "Biological monitoring of metals and biomarkers" @default.
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• W4206827653 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-823292-7.00007-3" @default.
• W4206827653 hasPublicationYear "2022" @default.

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