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- W4210422455 abstract "The commons are increasingly accepted today as an alternative to the dominant politico-economic regime. The commons camp today, however, is divided between Ostromian neo-institutionalists (academics), on the one hand, and social activists and commons movement researchers who emphasize power struggles and rights issues surrounding the commons, on the other. The context of this division of the commons camp and the relationship between the two camps can be explained in the understanding of the essence of the commons. I think the commons has essentially had two dimensions since the traditional times. First, the commons are something that belongs to “all (all mankind)” as nature itself or as a gift from God. All premodern civilizations allowed for the existence and operation of the commons distinct from private property, and espoused ideologies and laws forbidding privatization thereof. Second, the commons meant “ours (our community’s)” as a local ecological system that has been autonomously managed by local communities using natural resources as a source of livelihood. In other words, the commons had two dimensions: the dimension of universal rights and the dimension of local self-governance for sustainable resource management, and has existed as an integration of the two dimensions in history. However, in the process of modernization and the development of capitalism, the common rights, which was a universal right, was dismantled, and the rights to the local commons as a resource for livelihood that had been autonomously managed could only be institutionalized in the name of customs or traditional practices under the modern private ownership system. I call the local commons institutionalized in the modern private ownership system as the modernized commons. The Ostromian school has been studying the principles and the evolution of resource management systems that have allowed commons to last for a long time, which only covers the latter dimension of the commons, especially the limited form of modernized commons. The social activism and commons movement camp, on the other hand, has been more concerned with restoring the lost universal rights to the commons and reconfiguring, through democratic decision-making, the exclusive borders of modernized commons. We may term the Ostromian approach as a theory of commons management and the activist approach as a theory of commons politics. The two theories can be complementary. The theory of the politics of the commons can develop possibilities of micro-level collective action through the commons management theory. Through the theory of the politics of the commons, Commons management theory can gain a more universal context and meaning, which is linked to the question of why the commons is emerging as an alternative in our time." @default.
- W4210422455 created "2022-02-08" @default.
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- W4210422455 date "2022-01-26" @default.
- W4210422455 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W4210422455 title "Two dimensions and politics of the commons" @default.
- W4210422455 doi "https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003224280-20" @default.
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