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• W4210859083 endingPage "133" @default.
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• W4210859083 abstract "Ureteral peristaltic activity begins with the origin of electrical activity at a pacemaker site in the proximal portion of the urinary collecting system. From there the electrical activity (action potential) is conducted distally and gives rise to the mechanical propulsive action of peristalsis (contraction) which moves the bolus of urine from the kidney to the bladder. The electrical properties of the ureter are determined by the distribution of ions on either side of the cell membrane and the relative permeability of the cell membrane to these ions. The ureteral action potential is determined primarily by an inward movement of sodium and calcium ions across the cell membrane. The process that links the electrical and mechanical events of peristalsis is referred to as excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling and involves an increase in calcium ions in the region of the contractile proteins, actin and myosin, which are located in the sarcoplasm. An increase in sarcoplasmic calcium results in contraction; a decrease results in relaxation. The calcium involved in the contractile process is derived from the extracellular environment and from intracellular storage sites. The force of ureteral contraction is dependent on ureteral length and the direction of length change at the time of excitation. Stress relaxation is an important compensatory adjustment in the response to stretch and allows the ureter to compensate for certain degrees of dilatation resulting from obstruction, diuresis, and vesico-ureteral reflux. During peristalsis the ureter coapts its walls to obliterate the lumen and thus propel the bolus of urine distally. Alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors are present in the ureter and probably play a role in the modulation of ureteral function. The beta-adrenergic receptor mechanisms involve a second messenger, cyclic AMP, which under certain circumstances plays a role in ureteral smooth muscle relaxation. Age-dependent factors also appear to influence ureteral activity." @default.
• W4210859083 created "2022-02-09" @default.
• W4210859083 creator A5060464452 @default.
• W4210859083 date "1978-08-01" @default.
• W4210859083 modified "2023-09-30" @default.
• W4210859083 title "Ureteral function" @default.
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• W4210859083 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-4295(78)90321-7" @default.
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