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- W4211075050 abstract "Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is the only domesticated species of the genus originating from the western Amazonian Rim and was first cultivated by Amerindian Indians. It is a short-lived, vegetatively propagated, perennial plant that forms starch-filled tuberous roots near the soil surface. Most ‘sweet’ cultivars can be safely eaten as a boiled vegetable, but many ‘bitter’ cultivars require processing to reduce cyanide produced by hydrolysis of cyanogenic glycosides. Following the arrival of Europeans to the Americas, planting material was taken to Africa and Asia by Portuguese traders, where it became well established in comparable tropical areas. The crop now covers 26.3 Mha worldwide with average yield of 11 t fresh tubers ha− 1. Although once renowned as a crop of subsistence agriculture, cassava is now firmly placed in commercial agriculture as fresh and starch-based food, animal fodder, and industrial starch products. For this, there is an increasing range of cultivars suited to product characteristics and production environments. Most cassava is grown as a rainfed crop between ± 30° latitude and is not generally found, where mean average temperature is less than about 20°C. It is usually grown, where annual average rainfall exceeds 1000 mm and is restricted to well-drained soils to avoid waterlogging that kills the crop. It is also found in areas with as little as 650–750 mm distributed over as few as 5 months. It grows well on a range of soil types and is especially adapted to soils of low fertility. When grown in such conditions, crops reduce top growth, whereas canopies maintain a high nutrient concentration in active leaves and increase the proportion of the biomass distributed to tubers. Cassava has relatively high leaf photosynthesis for a C3 plant when soil water is readily available and air humidity is high. A strong feed-forward control response of leaf conductance to vapour pressure deficit (VPD) maintains high internal water status and some growth during prolonged periods of water shortage. However, this response to VPD reduces photosynthesis when VPD exceeds 1–2 kPa even when temperature, solar radiation, and soil–water supply are suitable for growth. The VPD response makes cassava drought tolerant but restricts total biomass production. The high harvest index and year-around growth in tropical environments compensate for restricted total biomass production. Current yields are well below those that could be obtained by farmers if they were to adopt proven agronomic practices, including better weed control, good quality planting material of improved cultivars, disease and pest management, and soil and fertility management. Cassava growers respond to stable prices by adoption of improved technology, generally in a stepwise manner using increasing income to gradually adopt improved practices. A major challenge is to develop the socio-economic milieu that encourages adoption and technological and economic progress. In an increasingly globalised world, cassava will not compete successfully with other sources of starch products unless labour costs are reduced. Chemical weed control and mechanised land preparation, planting, and harvesting offer huge opportunities as does mechanisation of postharvest processing, which is a major driver of increased cassava production in Africa. On the other hand, it is a robust crop well suited to extreme weather conditions, other than excessive rain and consequent flooding, and, is likely to become more important, where areas suitable for currently available crops decrease due to climate change." @default.
- W4211075050 created "2022-02-13" @default.
- W4211075050 creator A5001027993 @default.
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- W4211075050 date "2021-01-01" @default.
- W4211075050 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
- W4211075050 title "Cassava" @default.
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