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• W4212835612 abstract "Liver is the principal organ involved in the metabolism, detoxification, and synthesis of several functionally important proteins in the human body. Given its crucial role and its consistent exposure to several hazardous xenobiotic chemicals, multiple stringent quality-control mechanisms prevail and effectively operate in the liver to preserve its function and to keep a close vigil on malignant transformation. One of the most common malignancies of the liver is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that is highly prevalent globally, irrespective of the sexes, and has poor survival outcomes. Despite the appreciable progress and advances in the therapy of HCC, the intriguing fact is that it is the most complicated malignancy to treat due to its multifactorial origin and hence the requirement for multimodal approaches for therapy. Cancer cells have evolved to withstand stress stimuli through the induction of multiple adaptive mechanisms that enable them to survive in a hostile environment. One such adaptive pathway is the unfolded protein response (UPR) or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response that comprises the machinery encompassing orchestrated cluster of genes responsible for chaperoning and correcting misfolded proteins. Several signal transmembrane sensors like activating transcription factor 6, inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha, and protein kinase R-like ER kinase operate to regulate this UPR in an orderly fashion to maintain homeostasis. ER membrane bound glucose-regulated protein 78 (binding immunoglobulin protein) is critical as it holds these stressors thereby preventing UPR signaling. However, during extreme state of stress or damage, unfolded proteins accumulate and induce ER stress response. Upon persistent ER stress, UPR favors apoptosis to maintain cell numbers. However, tumor cells exploit this signaling for their survival. ER stress enables immune evasion by tumor cells and facilitates escape from immune surveillance. The UPR has a significant impact on liver as this contains secretory cells rich in ER, such as hepatocytes. There is limited information regarding the triggers that drives the malignant transformation of hepatocytes in HCC and how it evades the vigil of the immune system. Release of exosomes by HCC cells is induced by ER stress that upregulates programed cell death ligand 1 expression in macrophages. This, in turn, inhibits T cell activity via an exosome miR23-a-Akt/PTEN pathway thereby inducing antitumor immunity and promoting immune escape mechanisms. This chapter summarizes the impact/influence of ER stress and UPR in the onset and progression of HCC highlighting on various molecular targets involved, multiple signaling control networks operating, and precisely how the interplay of these events controls the crucial ON–OFF switch for hepatocarcinogenesis." @default.
• W4212835612 created "2022-02-24" @default.
• W4212835612 creator A5001059078 @default.
• W4212835612 creator A5003593021 @default.
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• W4212835612 creator A5025527301 @default.
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• W4212835612 creator A5063240235 @default.
• W4212835612 date "2022-01-01" @default.
• W4212835612 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W4212835612 title "Influence of endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response in the onset and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma" @default.
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