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W4212912986 abstract "EPPO BulletinVolume 38, Issue 3 p. 396-406 Free Access Draft commodity-specific phytosanitary procedureConsignment inspection of Fragaria plants for planting Correction(s) for this article Corrigendum Volume 39Issue 3EPPO Bulletin pages: 486-486 First Published online: November 27, 2009 First published: 11 November 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2008.01253.xCitations: 6 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Organisation Européenne et Méditerranéenne pour la Protection des Plantes AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat PM 3/73 (1) Specific scope This standard describes the procedure by which consignments of Fragaria spp. plants for planting are subjected to import control including sampling and identification. Specific approval and amendment First approved in 2008-09. Introduction Fragaria spp. is one of the most important small-fruit crops in the EPPO region. Plants for planting of Fragaria are produced in the EPPO region but are also imported from other parts of the world (e.g. USA, South America). Imported consignments may carry regulated pests specific to plants of Fragaria spp. as well as polyphagous or contaminating pests either included in the EPPO A1 and A2 Lists of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests or otherwise regulated by member countries (e.g. those listed in the EU Directive 2000/29/EC). Many EPPO countries also require that consignments of Fragaria plants for planting, should be 1) free from plant debris, 2) free from insect pests at any stage of development and 3) should fulfil the provisions set out in the Phytosanitary Procedure PM 3/54 (1) Growing plants in growing medium prior to export. At import, consignment freedom is usually verified by visual inspection and testing, where appropriate, before release of the consignment. Similar procedures may be applied in the exporting country just before forwarding the consignment, if the importing country requires consignment freedom only (place of production inspection is usually required for plants for planting) or as a verification of the efficacy of other phytosanitary measures (e.g. treatment). Post-entry inspections are recommended for certain pests. Phytosanitary inspections General background information on phytosanitary inspection of consignments is given in the EPPO Standard PM 3/72 (1) Elements common to inspection of places of production, area-wide surveillance, inspection of consignments and lot identification. The procedures described in this standard are mainly specific to consignment inspection in an EPPO importing country, but may also be applicable for export inspection (when the importing country requirements are similar e.g. same quarantine pests concerned). General elements of this inspection procedure apply to both inspection in the exporting or the importing country. In the exporting country inspections should be done at the premises of the producer or exporter as long as the whole consignment is still accessible i.e. before packing or loading. Inspection of plants in cool storage should be avoided as this greatly influences detection of insect pests because of their reduced mobility. For quarantine organisms likely to be present on the consignment in a latent stage, field inspections and sampling should be done at the most appropriate time according to EPPO Standard PM 3/xx. Field inspection (in preparation). Producers, exporters and transporters in the exporting country should be informed of the particular requirements of the importing country for strawberry plants. Inspections of consignments of Fragaria plants in the importing country may be done at the point of entry or at the point of final destination, depending on the possibilities of carrying out efficient inspections and provided that the plants remain under official control. In case of inspection at the point of final destination there should be no risk of escape of quarantine pests during transport. When a sample has been taken from the consignment the imported Fragaria plants should remain under official control and should not be planted until the final laboratory result confirms absence of the relevant quarantine pests. Plants for planting produced according to the EPPO Standard PM 4/11 (2) Certification Scheme on ‘pathogen-tested strawberry’ or any equivalent phytosanitary certification system, are generally considered to provide higher phytosanitary guarantees and this should be taken into account. Consequently intensity of inspections and testing may be reduced and inspection may mainly focus on pests not covered by the respective certification scheme. Commodities concerned Plants of Fragaria spp. are usually traded either in the form of plants in tissue culture (microplants), ‘frigo’ plants (young plants after cold storage), green plants (runners) or seeds. They are intended for further propagation or breeding purposes, for commercial fruit production or for dispatch to the final (private) consumer. Specifically for this Standard, the different types of imported commodities are defined as follows: Plants in tissue culture Plants in tissue culture are usually intended for further propagation. As this material is the starting point for large-scale multiplication in principle it may contribute to efficient spread of plant pests. However, due to the special growing conditions the majority of potential contaminating pests and diseases will be excluded. This may not be the case with viral or bacterial pathogens which could persist undetected during micropropagation. Visual inspection of plants in tissue culture at the time of import is difficult to perform and unreliable. Inspections at the place of final destination, preferably after transplanting into growing medium are therefore recommended. ‘Frigo’ plants ‘Frigo’ plants are obtained from runners or plants in tissue culture which have been stored for several months under cool conditions (1–2°C) before planting into the field for fruit production. The plants are imported without leaves in a dormant stage. Bundles (usually 25 plants per bundle) of plants may be delivered without soil wrapped in plastic bags or stacked in boxes filled with soil. Production of ‘frigo’ plants is done under field conditions where they are potted in growing medium (soil, peat). The plants can be contaminated by a broad spectrum of different pests. As the plants at the time of import are in a dormant stage, usually without leaves, visual inspection relying only on visible symptoms or signs of plant pests may be difficult and unreliable. Fragaria green plants Green plants, with and without roots, are obtained from runners or plants in tissue culture and are usually intended for fruit production. The plants are produced under field conditions and are in active growth. Rooted plants may be traded in bags, with or without growing medium. Due to these growing conditions green plants also can be contaminated by a broad range of potential plant pests. Seeds of Fragaria spp. There may also be imports of Fragaria seeds which are intended to be used for breeding purposes. Plants or seeds of various Fragaria species, other than Fragaria × ananassa, may be imported for use as ornamental plants or for breeding purposes. Seed of Fragaria spp. can serve as a pathway for the seed-transmissible nepoviruses, such as Tomato ringspot nepovirus (TomRSV), and are also included in this standard. These viruses can only be detected by laboratory testing. Regulated pests of Fragaria spp. This standard mainly relates to pests of the EPPO Lists of A1 and A2 pests recommended for regulation recognized as of primary importance for strawberry plants and it also covers those pests listed in the EU Directive 2000/29/EC but not included in the EPPO lists. The phytosanitary procedures described in the standard are primarily aimed at preventing the introduction and spread of these specific pests in the EPPO region via imported consignments of Fragaria plants. This standard also covers polyphagous quarantine pests which have Fragaria as an economically-relevant host and it includes hitchhikers which have the possibility of being introduced as contaminants. For plants in growing medium particular attention should be paid to nematodes which may act as virus vectors. Details on all these pests can be found in Quarantine Pests for Europe, 2nd edition (EPPO/CABI, 1997). For additional up to date information the relevant scientific literature should be consulted. The EPPO Lists of A1 and A2 pests recommended for regulation as well as the lists of Directive 2000/29/EC are subject to additions and deletions. The present list will therefore be revised whenever new quarantine pests are identified. a) Specific pests of Fragaria spp.* A1 pests A2 pests Other pests regulated by some EPPO member countries† Insects Nematodes Nematodes Anthonomus bisignifer Aphelenchoides besseyi Aphelenchoides fragariae Anthonomus signatus Fungi Fungi Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae Glomerella acutata Procaryotes Procaryotes Xanthomonas fragariae Strawberry witches’ broom phytoplasma Viruses Viruses Strawberry vein banding virus (caulimovirus) Strawberry crinkle virus (cytorhabdovirus) Strawberry mild yellow edge virus (potexvirus) * Although listed in the EPPO A1 List, Strawberry latent C virus is omitted from this document as it is not referred in the Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2005). The phytosanitary categorization of this virus will be revised. † Several other viruses and phytoplasmas are regulated as ‘non-European viruses’ because a disease is known, although the taxonomy of the causal organisms for some of them is unclear. b) Polyphagous pests also attacking Fragaria spp. A1 pests A2 pests Other pests regulated by some EPPO member countries Insects Insects Viruses Helicoverpa zea Frankliniella occidentalis Arabis mosaic virus (nepovirus) Heteronychus arator Scirtothrips dorsalis Strawberry latent ringspot virus (sadwavirus) Naupactus leucoloma NematodesDitylenchus dipsaci Tomato black ring virus (nepovirus) Viruses Raspberry ringspot virus (nepovirus) Tomato ringspot virus (nepovirus) c) Possible contaminating pests on Fragaria spp. (examples) Nematodes Globodera pallida, G. rostochiensis, Xiphinema americanum sensu stricto, X. bricolense, X. californicum and X. rivesi. d) Other harmful and/or exotic pests on Fragaria spp. As mentioned in the introduction many countries require that Fragaria plants for planting should be free from plant debris and free from insects at any stage of development. The inspection should also be carried out for the detection of organisms for which the phytosanitary risk has not yet been determined. When an unfamiliar pest is detected the procedures specified in EPPO Standard PM 5/2 Pest risk analysis on detection of a pest in an imported consignment should be followed to allow the NPPO to make a decision as to what phytosanitary action to take. For an indication of the status of these pests consult the latest version of PQR (Plant Quarantine Retrieval System) http://www.eppo.org/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm. Identification of lots General background information on lot identification is given in the EPPO Standard PM 3/72 (1) Elements common to inspection of places of production, area-wide surveillance, inspection of consignments and lot identification. For Fragaria cultivars are the primary criteria for lot identification. If information on different producers is available this should also be taken into account. Sampling for visual inspection and laboratory testing This section contains guidance on visual inspection of consignments of Fragaria plants for planting, on the proportion of items to be inspected (sample size) and on sampling for laboratory testing. Phytosanitary inspections are done after checking the documents associated with the consignment (in particular the phytosanitary certificate) and the integrity of the consignment. The general background for carrying out import inspections is included in ISPM no. 20 Guidelines for a phytosanitary import regulatory system and ISPM no. 23 Guidelines for inspection. Sampling for visual inspection (general aspects) Phytosanitary inspections should start with an overall examination of the consignment, container, packaging and means of conveyance in order to obtain indications of adverse conditions during transport (e.g. temperature, wetness), to check the physical condition of the Fragaria plants and to look for plant debris and live or dead insects. An adequate proportion of plants from each lot should be subjected to a systematic examination in order to detect the presence or signs of quarantine pests for Fragaria plants or contaminating pests as listed above. If appropriate, samples should be taken to the laboratory for identification. The size of the unit of inspection (= minimum number of individuals to be examined) should be determined on the basis of lots taking into account the statistical background provided in EPPO Standard PM 3/65 Sampling of consignments for visual phytosanitary inspection. One should keep in mind that sampling can never prove that a pest is truly absent. Plants for planting usually present a higher risk of introduction and spread of regulated pests than fruits or other parts of plants not intended for planting. Therefore the size of the unit of inspection should be determined depending on the status of the regulated pest in the area of import. For regulated pests absent from the area of import the objective should be of aiming at detecting an infection level of 1% or more with a confidence level of at least 99%. For pests present in the area of import the aim should be to detect an infection level of 1% with a confidence level of at least 95%. Sample sizes are indicated in Table 2(b) of EPPO Standard PM 3/65 Sampling of consignments for visual phytosanitary inspection. Sampling for laboratory testing (general aspects) Visual examination of imported consignments of Fragaria plants alone is not considered to be sufficient as this will only result in the detection of visually detectable pests like insects. Since many of the nematodes and the fungal, bacterial or viral diseases (e.g. all viruses, Glomerella acutata and Xanthomonas fragariae) may be present in a latent stage and can hardly be detected on young plants usually traded with few or without leaves or even on plants in tissue culture by means of visual inspection, laboratory testing should be done as a complementary check whenever possible. Firstly samples should be taken from those plants on which harmful organisms or signs of them are present and cannot be immediately identified by the inspector and from those plants showing conspicuous symptoms, deformations or general weakness. In these cases the sample consists of the suspect plant(s). Regardless of the presence of symptoms and especially in those cases where no obvious symptoms are recorded, random sampling of asymptomatic plants should be done in order to detect latent or hidden infections. The size of the sample to be taken depends on the potential distribution of the pests within the consignment or lot and on the capacity of the laboratory (e.g. the method to be applied for diagnosis). Sampling should be done preferably on a lot basis with plants evenly collected throughout the lot. Since the plant parts most suitable for detection greatly differ for the different quarantine organisms, samples for laboratory testing should always contain the complete plants in order to give a possibility of testing for the whole range of potential pests. Sampling should target susceptible varieties or countries of origin at risk. Sampling plans should be formulated to determine the frequency of submission of samples for laboratory testing. If a pest is found which the inspector suspects to be a quarantine pest, the lot or consignment should be detained under official control. As previously indicated, when an unfamiliar pest is detected the procedures specified in EPPO Standard PM 5/2 Pest risk analysis on detection of a pest in an imported consignment should be followed to allow the NPPO to make a decision as to what phytosanitary action to take. Sampling for visual inspection and for laboratory testing (specific aspects) For further details on symptoms, sampling and identification of the relevant quarantine pests of Fragaria spp. see Appendix 1. Fragaria plants in tissue culture In the closed environment in which plants in tissue culture are kept or produced there is less risk of infestation with insect or nematode pests but there may be infections with fungal, bacterial or viral pests which usually are difficult to detect by visual inspection. Therefore laboratory testing of a representative sample of plantlets taken from several vessels should be done. For practical reasons sampling may be performed under sterile conditions (clean bench) at the place of final destination. Relevant quarantine pests for which testing should be done are: Glomerella acutata, Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae, Strawberry witches’ broom phytoplasma, Xanthomonas fragariae, all quarantine viruses of Fragaria. It should be ensured that the plants in tissue culture will not be used for further propagation while awaiting the results from the laboratory. ‘Frigo’ plants ‘Frigo’ plants are usually shipped in a dormant stage without leaves after cold storage. Visual inspection of those plants at the point of entry is difficult to perform and should therefore preferably be done at the place of final destination. For practical reasons complete bundles (usually 25 plants/bundle) should be sampled from different bags or cases and subjected to visual inspection and sampling for laboratory testing. The aerial parts of the plants should be thoroughly examined for the presence of different live stages (eggs, larvae, pupae, adults) of insects using magnifying equipment e.g. a magnifying lens or a binocular. Plants should be shaken over sheets of white paper. Small insects present on the surface of plants fall onto the paper and can be collected for further identification. If there are some leaves on the plants left, attention should also be paid to signs of infection with micro-organisms. The root systems of the plants should be examined for external symptoms of infection by Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae i.e. the characteristic ‘rat-tail’. At least 100 plants (except for small consignments) taken from different bundles (5 plants per bundle), including any plants with external symptoms, should be selected for examination of internal symptoms (‘red-stele’). The upper, unrotted parts of the roots should be cut open and examined for wine-red to brick-red coloration of the stele. Roots should also be examined for possible signs or symptoms of nematodes using magnifying equipment (living nematodes or swellings, see Appendix 1). Samples from pests detected on the plants or from plants with suspicious alterations or symptoms are taken for further identification in the laboratory. Visual inspections should be complemented by laboratory testing of representative randomly-collected samples from different lots in order to detect hidden or latent infections of the relevant nematodes, fungi, bacteria and viruses. Green plants Green young plants are usually shipped in a rooted stage without growing medium attached. The plants are in active growth with mostly younger leaves. Visual inspection is only suitable for detecting harmful organisms which are present on the plants (e.g. insects, nematodes) or which induced conspicuous symptoms to the plants, e.g. Red Core Disease induced by Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae or under certain circumstances leaf symptoms of Xanthomonas fragariae. Many of the other quarantine pests still may be present in a latent stage without any visible symptoms. Determination of the size of the unit for inspection is in principle the same as for ‘frigo’ plants. The leaves (top and bottom side) and the crown of the plants should be thoroughly examined for the presence of different live stages (eggs, larvae, pupae, adults) of insects using magnifying equipment. Equally, possible signs or symptoms of nematodes (e.g. swelling, distortion, crinkling or stunting, see Appendix 1) could be seen. Plants should be shaken over sheets of white paper. Small insects present on the surface of plants fall onto the paper and can be collected for further identification. When inspecting the aerial parts of the plants, special attention should be paid to signs of infection by micro-organisms (fungi, bacteria, viruses) such as various kinds of leaf spots, leaf crinkling, leaf mottling, distortions, stunting, general decline or wilting. The root systems of the plants should be examined for symptoms of Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae as described for ‘frigo’ plants. Sampling for laboratory testing of plants with suspicious alterations or symptoms and of plants without visible symptoms is done as described above (‘frigo’ plants). Where green plants are potted into growing medium, it is also recommended to take a sample of the growing medium adhering to the plants in order to test for the presence of nematodes of the genus Longidorus and Xiphinema (which are known to be vectors of nepoviruses) and also Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis. Sampling of the growing media may not be necessary when it is composed of pure peat. The sample should combine growing media from a representative number of boxes. If any of these vectors are found there should be additional testing for nepoviruses. Seeds of Fragaria spp. Imports of Fragaria seeds are rare. However, if such consignments are imported e.g. for breeding purposes, attention should be paid to possible infections with seed-transmissible nepoviruses. These viruses either can be detected by direct assay of the dormant seed samples by means of ELISA or preferentially during a post-entry quarantine period at the place of final destination. Since seedlings grown from infected seed rarely produce recognizable symptoms, laboratory testing of a representative number of the seedlings is recommended (ELISA). Reference EPPO/CABI (1997) Quarantine Pests for Europe, 2nd edn. CAB International, Wallingford (GB). Google Scholar Enquiries Any question about this standard should be sent to hq@eppo.fr Appendix 1 Symptoms and sampling for identification of quarantine pests of Fragaria spp. For each of the quarantine pests mentioned below basic information on host range, biology, detection and identification can be found in Quarantine Pests for Europe, 2nd edition (EPPO/CABI, 1997). Illustrations are available on the EPPO website (http://www.eppo.org). When an EPPO diagnostic protocol exists it is mentioned in the text. The fact that there is no EPPO diagnostic protocol does not mean that no method for diagnosis is available in the scientific literature. A) Insects 1) Anthonomus bisignifer and A. signatus Symptom description This pest is only likely to be detected at import on green plants. Partially severed buds can be seen hanging from infected plants. Sampling and identification The severed buds may contain larvae or pupae of the pest which should be sent to the laboratory for identification. Both species have to be distinguished from the commonplace and widespread European Anthonomus rubi which is very similar in appearance and habits. There is no EPPO Diagnostic protocol available. 2) Frankliniella occidentalis Symptom description Damage is not likely to be seen on imported plants as much of it is caused by feeding on flowers or at early fruit sets. Sampling and identification Look for adults and larvae. Details on identification of F. occidentalis are included in the EPPO Standard PM 7/11 (1) Diagnostic protocol for regulated pests: Frankliniella occidentalis. 3) Helicoverpa zea Symptom description Helicoverpa zea is a polyphagous pest, the host range of which includes Fragaria spp. The caterpillars mainly attack flowers and fruit from a broad range of host plants but also feed on buds. Specific symptoms on Fragaria plants are not described in the literature. Sampling and identification Plant material should be inspected carefully to detect different life stages of the pest (eggs, larvae) or signs of it such as bore holes on buds or flowers. Where appropriate, samples for laboratory testing should be taken for final identification of the pest. A specific EPPO Diagnostic protocol is not yet available but the EPPO Standard PM 7/19 (1) Diagnostic protocol for regulated pests: Helicoverpa armigera provides some useful information on the identification of similar Helicoverpa species. 4) Heteronychus arator Symptom description Since all life-stages of the pest are subterranean the feeding damage mainly occurs on the lower parts of the plants (roots and stems). The major pathway of this pest is soil attached to imported plants. Sampling and identification Fragaria plants for planting potted into growing medium or with growing medium attached to the roots should be thoroughly inspected for the presence of soil-inhabiting larvae or adult beetles. If appropriate, samples for identification of the pest in the laboratory should be taken. An EPPO Diagnostic protocol is not yet available. 5) Naupactus leucoloma Symptom description Naupactus leucoloma is a highly polyphagous pest. Whereas the feeding of the adult weevils is restricted to the bases of the leaf margins leading to characteristic ‘notching’, the main damage is caused by the larvae. They gnaw at tap roots, small lateral roots and the basal parts of stems. When feeding is severe, plants turn yellow, wilt and die. Since eggs are laid on many parts of host plants and remain viable for more than seven months, they can be transported in trade. Eggs, larvae and pupae may also be transported with soil attached to Fragaria plants. Sampling and identification Fragaria plants for planting potted into growing medium or with growing medium attached to the roots should be thoroughly inspected for the presence of soil-inhabiting larvae, pupae or adult weevils. There also may be eggs present on the lower parts of the plants or in the adhering soil. If appropriate, samples for identification of the pest in the laboratory should be taken. An EPPO Diagnostic protocol is not yet available. 6) Scirtothrips dorsalis Symptom description Scirtothrips dorsalis is not a pest specific to Fragaria plants but because of its highly polyphagous nature imported consignments may be contaminated by this organism. Feeding of the pest often results in considerable distortion of young leaves. Sampling and identification Since Scirtothrips spp. primarily infest young growing buds, these should be examined particularly careful using appropriate magnifying equipment. If appropriate, samples for identification of the pest in the laboratory should be taken. Details on identification of Scirtothrips dorsalis are included in the EPPO Standard PM 7/56 (1) Diagnostic protocol for regulated pests: Scirtothrips aurantii, Scirtothrips citri, Scirtothrips dorsalis. B) Nematodes 1) Aphelenchoides besseyi Symptom description On Fragaria plants Aphelenchoides besseyi is ectoparasitic, feeding on young tissue thus inducing leaf crinkling, leaf discoloration, distortion and dwarfing of the plants. Sampling and identification Isolation and identification of A. besseyi can be done from infested plant tissues (apex, leaves or stems). Details on identification of A. besseyi are included in the EPPO Standard PM 7/39 (1) Diagnostic protocol for regulated pests: Aphelenchoides besseyi. 2) Aphelenchoides fragariae Symptom description The symptoms caused by Aphelenchoides fragariae are stunting and deformation of the buds, leaves and flowers. Sampling and identification Isolation and identification of A. fragariae can be done from infested plant tissues (apex, or leaves). There is no diagnostic protocol for A. fragariae but some diagnostic information on this species is provided in the EPPO Standard PM 7/39 (1) Diagnostic protocol for regulated pests: Aphelenchoides besseyi in the section ‘Confusion with similar species’. 3) Ditylenchus dipsaci Symptom description Ditylenchus dipsaci is a pest with a very broad host range (over 450 plant species), including Fragaria spp. It mostly can be found as an endoparasite in aerial parts of the plants (stems, leaves, flowers) but may also attack rhizomes. Common symptoms of infestation are swelling, distortion, discolouration and stunting of above-ground plant parts. Sampling and identification Samples for laboratory testing should be taken from plants showing conspicuous symptoms. Isolation and identification of D. dipsaci can be performed from infested plant tissues, mainly leaves or stems. An EPPO Diagnostic protocol is in preparation for D. dipsaci" @default.
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