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• W4214485059 endingPage "xix" @default.
• W4214485059 startingPage "xiv" @default.
• W4214485059 abstract "<div>Weeds represent a major threat to agriculture in Jordan and cause great yield losses due to their</div><div>negative interference with crop plants (Qasem, 2003). Weeds affect crop plants through</div><div>competition, allelopathy, some through parasitism and may be in some cases through all at once.</div><div>Parasitic weeds are one group of a deep concern to local farmers and researchers and exert a real</div><div>danger to agriculture hence resources from water and nutrients are extremely limited considering</div><div>that 90% of the country’s area is a desert with drought and poor soil resources while the rest is</div><div>devoted to forestry and agriculture. These parasites reported from the country (Table 1) subsist on</div><div>the host species&#039; root system or aerial vegetative parts. They can lead to severe growth damage</div><div>hence obtain food, water, and nutrients from host plants, resulting in yield failure and death of the</div><div>host plants under heavy infestation. Parasitic weeds may or may not have chlorophyll pigments</div><div>and thus are partially or completely dependent on host plants for food and/or water (Parker and</div><div>Riches, 1993). In Jordan, three families, including three genera, were reported to attack 34 wild</div><div>and cultivated species (Abu-Iramileh, 1979). In more recent studies, Qasem (2009, 2011) reported</div><div>eight parasitic genera of six plant families attacking many host species, among which 85 woody</div><div>plant species from 57 genera belong to 33 plant families. The distribution of parasites throughout</div><div>the country is shown in Fig. 3. The danger these parasites exert is mainly due to their difficulty to</div><div>control with available weed control methods, except by soil fumigation mainly using methyl</div><div>bromide, which has been banded a few years ago and its use is not economically feasible in the</div><div>open field or for application at a wide scale. In addition, the huge number of seeds these parasites</div><div>produce is accompanied by long seed viability and adaptability to disseminate by wind</div><div>(Orobanche, Cistanche, and Cynomorium), animals or birds (Loranthus, Viscum and Osyris), or</div><div>through crop infested seeds (Cuscuta, Orobanche and Thesium) add more complications to control</div><div>methods. The interrelationship between the parasites and their hosts and how parasites connect to</div><div>host plants through the absorptive organs (haustoria) is another means through which they</div><div>challenge control measures. Morphological and physiological similarities between the parasitic</div><div>species and their hosts and the ability of certain species to develop additional shoots from</div><div>epicortical roots (Loranthus spp.) or embedded haustoria (Cuscuta spp.), especially after damage</div><div>to or removal of the primary shoot (Viscum and Loranthus) hinder pruning and herbicides use as</div><div>common methods of control.</div>" @default.
• W4214485059 created "2022-03-02" @default.
• W4214485059 creator A5067429292 @default.
• W4214485059 date "2022-02-28" @default.
• W4214485059 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W4214485059 title "General Background" @default.
• W4214485059 doi "https://doi.org/10.2174/9781681088747122010006" @default.
• W4214485059 hasPublicationYear "2022" @default.
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