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• W4220855622 abstract "Largely unmentioned in the historiography of plastic surgery’s wartime origins is the impact of a concurrently evolving viral pandemic. A noteworthy exception is the memoir of Robert Ivy, one of the founders of our specialty. Because of his combined dental and medical training, Ivy was chosen by Vilray Blair, a general surgical consultant to the Army’s Surgeon General, to assist with the formation and training of multi-specialty teams required for treating maxillofacial injuries characteristic of trench warfare. Not until late in America’s WWI involvement was Ivy relieved from duty in Washington, DC and reassigned to Base Hospital #15 in Vichy, France. While preparing to depart from the port of Hoboken, NJ, he suddenly faced a medical crisis. As ranking medical officer on the Wilhelmina, a 5000-ton ship of former Dutch registry, Major Ivy noticed that several of the 2000 infantry arriving from Fort Dix, were severely ill. After establishing a screening protocol, he and his staff refused boarding to forty-five. But even this gesture failed to resolve the issue. Although microorganisms invisible to magnification were suspected as cause for infectious diseases of mysterious origin, no one had yet seen a virus, nor would they until advent of electron microscopy in the 1930s. While the virulence of whatever illness was affecting these troops was clear to all, its transmissibility was immeasurable without testing. At the time of departure on the morning of Sept. 23, 1917, 52 more cases had been identified and sent back to base. Once underway, a sickbay designed for 24 was soon overwhelmed as the illness spread rapidly throughout the densely populated vessel. Efforts to consolidate the ill and impose a quarantine proved futile. Upon arrival in the port of St. Nazaire, 238 manageable infections were recorded en route. 57 more remained very sick with hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia. An additional fourteen succumbed to the disease while in transit. While this episode is but a microcosm of the far greater problem unfolding, it does offer a window on what nations were facing: a genuine pandemic that would afflict an estimated one-fifth of the world’s population and take 50 million lives before running its course over a three-year span. In the absence of a known origin, there were causation theories galore with cold damp conditions and malnutrition predominating. Good doctor that he was trained to be, Dr. Ivy did all he could at his moment of crisis, but he is best remembered today for his many contributions to maxillofacial surgery and also for his role in founding the Association of American Plastic Surgeons." @default.
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• W4220855622 date "2022-04-01" @default.
• W4220855622 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W4220855622 title "A Covid-19-Like Experience at the Dawn of Plastic Surgery" @default.
• W4220855622 doi "https://doi.org/10.1097/01.gox.0000828252.54301.3d" @default.
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