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• W4220993352 endingPage "587" @default.
• W4220993352 startingPage "565" @default.
• W4220993352 abstract "Natural water bodies are present in several forms: oceans, large and small lakes, and a diversity of rivers and streams. All these ecosystems feature a unique conglomeration of aquatic biotas that are profoundly dependent on the degree of water quality. Based on the type of the cooling system, natural water is the preferred medium for cooling in many industries. Therefore, large chemical industries and power plants are located near coastal areas or on the banks of big rivers, so they can utilize these abundant water resources [1]. The cooling water requirements (type and volume) vary with the industrial unit. The steam produced in the boiler turns the turbine of a power plant to generate electricity. That steam is generated from technically pure water, which cannot be disposed of for economic reasons. Thus, the steam is condensed in a condenser (a heat exchanger) using freshwater or seawater (depending on the availability) as a cooling medium. The quantity of water used for this purpose is very high and depends on the power production capability of the plant as well as the nature of the chemical industry [1]. For example, a 440 MW(e) nuclear power plant at Kalpakkam, east coast of India, requires 35 m3/s of seawater for cooling purposes, while a chemical 600 ton/day ammonia production chemical plant needs 1.8 m3/s of cooling water. Likewise, an oil refinery needs cooling water 12 times the flow of crude oil, as per the capacity. Comparatively, a 1000 MW(e) thermal power plant needs 30 m3/s of water for cooling purposes, whereas a nuclear power plant with similar capacity needs 48 m3/s (1.5 times more water). Thus, the quantity of water required for cooling is often so large that at times, it can affect even the choice of a plant site. The construction and continued operation of power plants, particularly those fueled by fossil or nuclear fuels, are among the human activities that can have the most profound and wide-ranging impacts on water quality. Due to the continuous interactions between the constituents of cooling water and the pipeline materials, problems like scaling, corrosion, and biological growth ensue, ultimately resulting in unscheduled plant shutdowns and consequent production losses. In view of the vital use of water in an industry, there is a need for proper cooling water treatment for controlling scale, corrosion, and biofouling [1–3]." @default.
• W4220993352 created "2022-04-03" @default.
• W4220993352 creator A5091674965 @default.
• W4220993352 date "2022-01-01" @default.
• W4220993352 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
• W4220993352 title "Biofouling (macro-fouling) in seawater intake systems" @default.
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• W4220993352 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-822896-8.00016-9" @default.
• W4220993352 hasPublicationYear "2022" @default.
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