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• W4225684449 abstract "Reviewed by: The Apache Diaspora: Four Centuries of Displacement and Survival by Paul Conrad Lance R. Blyth The Apache Diaspora: Four Centuries of Displacement and Survival. By Paul Conrad. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021. Pp. 400. Illustrations, notes, index.) Paul Conrad provides a fine-grained borderlands history of the Apache peoples. He utilizes the concept of diaspora, emphasizing the mobility of Athapaskan speakers who migrated into what is now the American Southwest some time before the sixteenth century. Diaspora is an inspired analytical choice as it can imply both chosen and enforced mobility. Conrad focuses on the Jicarilla, Mescalero, and the Chiricahua Apache, but calls them Southern Apache, as others increasingly do. This nomenclature is [End Page 310] somewhat jarring because the Lipan were the southernmost Apache, geographically speaking. Conrad organizes his narrative and analysis around a number of diasporic sites. The first is the Palace of the Governors in Santa Fe, New Mexico. It stands in for the Spanish practice of taking or trading for Apache captives and utilizing them as unfree labor, as slaves. Conrad makes it quite clear that captives and slaves were something Apache peoples also took and held, although not in the scope and scale of the Spanish settlers. The Parral mining district in New Spain, where many of these enslaved Apaches were sent in the seventeenth century, is Conrad’s next site, where he makes brilliant use of legal documentation to reveal previously unseen, and unsuspected, lives of Apache slaves among the Spanish. The Southern Plains serve as a site for a diaspora west and southward away from Comanche expansion, resulting in the historic Jicarilla, Mescalero, Lipan, and Southern Apache communities. Conrad does not belabor the point, but one of the largest diasporas of Apache peoples in historic times was due to other Native Americans. Conrad then provides an extended discussion of Apache family and community structures, gotah, which the Spanish understood and exploited by taking captives to force Apache surrenders and peace agreements in the eighteenth century. If Apache groups did not comply with Spanish demands, the captives were exiled, chained together in coffles and sent into slavery in Central Mexico and beyond. This included his most interesting diaspora site, Cuba. Conrad recovers the experiences of numerous Apache captives sent to the island in 1802. Those who did accept settled near Spanish settlements in a form of reservations known as Apaches de paz. Conrad connects this system of the Spanish, and to a much lesser extent the Mexicans, to U.S. reservations, noting that patterns of expectations from the Spanish experience transferred to negotiations with the United States in the mid-nineteenth century. Frustratingly for the Apache, who were used to selecting where they would live, the Americans would dither, then approve a reservation on different lands, which the Apache would resist before finally moving. This Apache resistance, led by Geronimo among others, against American reservation practices (particularly having to move) provides Conrad’s last diasporic sites. These were initially army barracks in Florida and Alabama, where the Southern Apache were sent as prisoners of war after 1886, and a school in Pennsylvania. These were followed by a return to New Mexico in 1912 and a reservation in Oklahoma after 1984, albeit to the Mescalero reservation. The Chihene Ndé, descendants of those Apache who avoided deportation east, still seek Federal recognition. Conrad concludes by noting that diaspora continues, as does Apache resistance to its negative effects. The great value of Conrad’s diasporic approach is to [End Page 311] place Apache peoples securely into their own history and not freeze them in time and place. While this history was not always of Apache choosing, it was a history of their own actions. Lance R. Blyth United States Air Force Academy Copyright © 2022 The Texas State Historical Association" @default.
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• W4225684449 date "2022-01-01" @default.
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• W4225684449 title "The Apache Diaspora: Four Centuries of Displacement and Survival by Paul Conrad" @default.
• W4225684449 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/swh.2022.0006" @default.
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