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- W4225727595 abstract "<strong class=journal-contentHeaderColor>Abstract.</strong> Ice crystals occurring in mixed-phase clouds play a vital role in global precipitation and energy balance because of the unstable equilibrium between coexistent liquid droplets and ice crystals, which affects cloud lifetime and radiative properties, as well as precipitation formation. Satellite observations proved that immersion freezing, i.e., ice formation on particles immersed within aqueous droplets, is the dominant ice nucleation (IN) pathway in mixed-phase clouds. However, the impact of anthropogenic emissions on atmospheric IN in the urban environment remains ambiguous. In this study, we present in situ observations of ambient ice-nucleating particle number concentration (<span class=inline-formula><i>N</i><sub>INP</sub></span>) measured at mixed-phase cloud conditions (<span class=inline-formula>â30</span>â<span class=inline-formula><sup>â</sup></span>C, relative humidity with respect to liquid water RH<span class=inline-formula><sub>w</sub>=</span> 104â%) and the physicochemical properties of ambient aerosol, including chemical composition and size distribution, at an urban site in Beijing during the traditional Chinese Spring Festival. The impact of multiple aerosol sources such as firework emissions, local traffic emissions, mineral dust, and urban secondary aerosols on <span class=inline-formula><i>N</i><sub>INP</sub></span> is investigated. The results show that <span class=inline-formula><i>N</i><sub>INP</sub></span> during the dust event reaches up to 160â#âL<span class=inline-formula><sup>â1</sup></span> (where â#â represents number of particles), with an activation fraction (AF) of 0.0036â%â<span class=inline-formula>±</span>â0.0011â%. During the rest of the observation, <span class=inline-formula><i>N</i><sub>INP</sub></span> is on the order of 10<span class=inline-formula><sup>â1</sup></span> to 10â#âL<span class=inline-formula><sup>â1</sup></span>, with an average AF between 0.0001â% and 0.0002â%. No obvious dependence of <span class=inline-formula><i>N</i><sub>INP</sub></span> on the number concentration of particles larger than 500ânm (<span class=inline-formula><i>N</i><sub>500</sub></span>) or black carbon (BC) mass concentration (<span class=inline-formula><i>m</i><sub>BC</sub></span>) is found throughout the field observation. The results indicate a substantial <span class=inline-formula><i>N</i><sub>INP</sub></span> increase during the dust event, although the observation took place at an urban site with high background aerosol concentration. Meanwhile, the presence of atmospheric BC from firework and traffic emissions, along with urban aerosols formed via secondary transformation during heavily polluted periods, does not influence the observed INP concentration. Our study corroborates previous laboratory and field findings that anthropogenic BC emission has a negligible effect on <span class=inline-formula><i>N</i><sub>INP</sub></span> and that <span class=inline-formula><i>N</i><sub>INP</sub></span> is unaffected by heavy pollution in the urban environment under mixed-phase cloud conditions." @default.
- W4225727595 created "2022-05-05" @default.
- W4225727595 creator A5076511177 @default.
- W4225727595 date "2022-04-25" @default.
- W4225727595 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W4225727595 title "Response to referee comments" @default.
- W4225727595 doi "https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-922-ac1" @default.
- W4225727595 hasPublicationYear "2022" @default.
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