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• W4229652255 abstract "The increasing exploitation of subsurface fluids, such as water, oil, or natural gas, from basins filled with unconsolidated deposits of alluvial, lacustrine, or shallow marine origin, may cause the sinking or settlement of the land surface, a phenomenon known as land subsidence. Observed ground settlements of about 9 m have been reported from Wilmington, Los Angeles County, due to oil extraction, and Mexico City, due to extensive groundwater withdrawal. When land subsidence takes place in coastal areas, huge damages to the natural environment, and to man-made structures as well, can be experienced. A pore pressure decline in a pumped aquifer, or reservoir, produces an increase of the effective stress in that part of the overburden supported by the depressurized sediments. As a major result, these sediments shorten, or compact, and the land surface subsides. Horizontal displacements may also occur, but in a lesser amount. The flow and stress-strain fields, which develop because of fluid withdrawals, are intimately connected and theoretically coupled. However, coupling is weak in most real hydrogeological settings, and uncoupled prediction models can be used. Furthermore, in large aquifer or multiaquifer systems subject to distributed pumping, horizontal soil displacements may be negligible, and one-dimensional vertical compaction can be assumed. This chapter presents a summary of the most well-known subsiding sites in the world, and provides a review of the basic linear theory used to build the mathematical models for the prediction of land subsidence due to fluid withdrawal. The coupled and uncoupled approaches are compared and shown to yield similar head drawdown and land settlement in realistic geological settings. Three well-known examples of land subsidence due to water and gas extraction are reviewed and discussed, together with the related models and model predictions. The examples include the sites of Ravenna, Italy, where extraction of both water and natural gas caused a ground settlement of more than 1 m, and the site of Mexico City, where land subsidence of around 9 m was caused by the extensive groundwater withdrawal from a shallow, highly compressible, semi-confined aquifer system." @default.
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• W4229652255 date "1996-01-01" @default.
• W4229652255 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W4229652255 title "Land Subsidence" @default.
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• W4229652255 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8680-1_9" @default.
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