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• W4229798755 abstract "The Application of a Reduced Polymer Borate System Clarence Edward McDonald Clarence Edward McDonald BJ Services Co. USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Paper presented at the SPE Production Operations Symposium, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, April 2005. Paper Number: SPE-94202-MS https://doi.org/10.2118/94202-MS Published: April 16 2005 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Get Permissions Search Site Citation McDonald, Clarence Edward. The Application of a Reduced Polymer Borate System. Paper presented at the SPE Production Operations Symposium, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, April 2005. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/94202-MS Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentAll ProceedingsSociety of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)SPE Oklahoma City Oil and Gas Symposium / Production and Operations Symposium Search Advanced Search AbstractThe amount of polymer damage created by a fracturing system has been a problem for many years.Polymer damage results in the reduction of fracture conductivity and effective propped fracture length.One method to reduce polymer damage is to reduce gel loadings.Historically systems that were developed to reduce polymer loadings have encountered numerous problems.The limiting factor for reducing the amount of polymer in a fracturing system is the point where the viscosity of the fluid is not adequate to transport proppant.In areas of low permeability gas wells, poor proppant transport results in less than desired production due to decreased fracture length in the reservoir.Many of these low-polymer fracturing systems are not operationally feasible due to the lack of a suitable water source for the system to yield its peak viscosity.In addition to the operational issues of locating a suitable water source, another constraint on some of these systems is the requirement to use a liquid KCl substitute in place of granular KCl.These issues have limited the use of the low-polymer systems in many areas.The shear sensitivity associated with the use of organometallic crosslinkers is a problem encountered by many low-polymer systems.High tubular velocities will shear degrade the fluid reducing it's proppant transport capability compared to that of a borate crosslinked system.This paper will discuss a modification to a well-established borate crosslinked fluid and system that eliminates these problems.Case histories will be given for the applications and results of this reduced polymer system that yields comparable viscosities to higher polymer loading systems.IntroductionHydraulic fracturing is a means to increase the producing radius of low permeability oil and gas wells.The ultimate goal is to achieve a conductive flow path for the oil and gas to travel into the well bore.There are certain applications where this can be obtained with no proppant1 or very low proppant concentration slick water fracs2–4.The results discussed in these papers show that good results can come from these niche applications.However, most formations require a proppant pack to provide a sufficient flow path to the well bore.There are two properties a fracturing fluid must possess to effectively place a proppant pack in a fracture.These properties are that the fluid must maintain enough viscosity to transport the proppant into the fracture, and once the fracture is closed, the fluid must be thinned enough to flow back out of the fracture leaving the proppant in place.In most cases where higher proppant concentrations are desired, the use of a crosslinker is required to give the fluid sufficient viscosity to transport the proppant without the proppant settling out of the fluid.One of the first and most widely used group of crosslinkers for high pH fluids were borates.The early borates had one major problem in the form of a temperature limitation of about 200?F. This limitation led the industry to search for alternate crosslinkers to maintain an adequate viscosity at the elevated temperatures.A group of crosslinkers that were discovered to perform at temperatures greater than the early borates were the organometallic crosslinkers.The organometallic crosslinkers that became widely used in the 1970's and 80's, and that are still used today in most of the low polymer gel systems currently on the market are the zirconium and titanium compounds.These crosslinkers were also found to perform in low pH enviorments such as CO2 compatible fluids and pad fluids in acid fractures.The organometallic crosslinkers have proven their need, but their limitations caused the industry to look for a better system. Keywords: peg system, fracturing fluid, proppant, peg borate system, borate system, organometallic crosslinked system, upstream oil & gas, fracturing materials, boe, viscosity Subjects: Hydraulic Fracturing, Fracturing materials (fluids, proppant) This content is only available via PDF. 2005. Society of Petroleum Engineers You can access this article if you purchase or spend a download." @default.
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