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• W4231263026 abstract "Access to health care and health-care supplies is an important issue for those who live in rural and difficult-to-reach areas, with mortality in inaccessible regions strikingly worse than in urban areas. Technology has an ever growing role in improving health-care access, from adopting simple technologies, such as a paper centrifuge capable of spinning at 300 revolutions per second (it can separate pure plasma from whole blood in less than 2 min), to harnessing mobile technology. Telemedicine has allowed specialist medical knowledge to be accessed in the most remote areas of the world, and portable diagnostic devices allow tests to be completed in local health centres. During the past year, drones have been trialled in various settings around the world, predominantly in Africa, where the delivery of medical supplies can be challenging because of poor ground transport infrastructure. A recent partnership between the Rwandan Government and Zipline, a California based company, is testing the use of fixed-wing drones for the delivery of blood products. These drones are launched via catapult, can travel up to 100 km/h, and do not need to land to make their delivery—instead, the package is released above the ground, where it parachutes down while the drone returns to the main site. The provision of safe blood and blood products is important in all health-care settings, but establishing and distributing an adequate and safe blood supply is an ongoing challenge in many countries. For example, approximately 6 million blood transfusions are administered to seriously ill patients in sub-Saharan Africa each year, falling short of the estimated 18 million units needed for life-saving transfusion. Children are particularly vulnerable to blood shortages because of their high requirement for transfusion arising from severe life-threatening anaemia caused by malaria or malnutrition. Organisations such as the Safe Blood for Africa Foundation and Africa Society for Blood Transfusion aim to help improve safety and availability of blood transfusion. Voluntary blood donation rates in Africa are generally low compared with high-income countries, and although all blood should be tested for infectious diseases, there is a lack of complete data on whether this occurs. Alongside these challenges, transport remains a major impediment to access to safe blood transfusion. The UK's Department for International Development has allocated funding for a trial in Tanzania, where Zipline drones will be used to deliver blood and other medical consumables within a 75 km radius from Dodoma's main blood bank, serving more than 100 health centres, and cutting transport times from nearly 2 h by road to under 20 min by drone. Although the Zipline drones could be a potential answer to the delivery of vital supplies, the challenge of getting items from remote areas to central hubs also needs to be addressed. Unsurprisingly, there's an app for that—one that allows a health-care worker to plan delivery routes for a multi-rotor drone, which can involve multiple take-offs and landings. In Malawi, these drones are being tested by Unicef and Matternet (another California based company) for the delivery of paediatric blood samples for HIV testing. Screening for HIV in children who are born from HIV-positive mothers requires testing in specialist laboratories, and delays in initial diagnosis often occur. Blood samples from rural HIV clinics are currently transported by motorbike, which requires a large batch of samples to make the journey cost-effective. It is hoped that by reducing the transportation time of blood samples, the time to diagnosis will be substantially shorter and enrolment of children to anti-retroviral treatment will be increased. With all new technologies, many challenges arise alongside the potential benefits. Cost-effectiveness needs to be taken into consideration. Communities might be better served by spending money on investing in improvements in ground transport links. In terms of humanitarian and emergency aid, payloads often are measured by the ton, not the kilogram. Security and public acceptance are other important considerations. Drones are expensive pieces of equipment, and it could be possible for them to be intercepted and stolen during their missions. Furthermore, in many parts of the world, drones are not associated with health and humanitarian missions, but with surveillance and military activity. However, the potential for drone technology is vast, and hopefully the technology will be able to revolutionise the health landscape in inaccessible regions, as telemedicine has done." @default.
• W4231263026 created "2022-05-12" @default.
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• W4231263026 date "2017-02-01" @default.
• W4231263026 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W4231263026 title "Look! Up in the sky! It's a bird. It's a plane. It's a medical drone!" @default.
• W4231263026 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3026(17)30004-2" @default.
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