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• W4232046936 abstract "PROF. EWING explained that the study of earthquakes had two aspects, one geological and the other mechanical, and it was of the latter alone that his lecture was to treat. The mechanical student of earthquakes concerned himself with the character of the motion that was experienced at any point on the earth's crust, and with the means by which an earthquake spread from point to point by elastic vibration of rock and soil. The first problem in seismometry was to determine exactly how the ground moved during an earthquake, to find the amount and direction of every displacement, and the velocity and rate of acceleration at every instant while the shaking went on. He was to deal with the solution of that problem, and to describe some of the results which had been obtained in the measurement of earthquakes in Japan, where earthquakes happened with a frequency sufficient to satisfy the most enthusiastic seismologist. Most early attempts to reduce the observing of earthquakes to an exact science had failed because they were based on a false notion of what earthquake motion was. It had been supposed that an earthquake consisted of a single or at least a prominent jerk, or a few jerks, easily distinguishable from any minor oscillations that might occur at the same time. The old column seismometer, for instance, recommended in the Admiralty Manual of Scientific Inquiry, attempted to measure what was called the intensity or the shock by means of a number of circular columns of various diameters which were set to stand upright like ninepins on a level base. It was expected that the shock would overthrow the narrower columns, the broadest that fell serving to measure its severity, and that the columns would fall in a direction which would point to the place of origin of the disturbance. In fact, however, such columns fell most capriciously when they fell at all, and it was impossible to learn anything positive from their behaviour in an earthquake. The reason was that there was no single outstanding impulse: an earthquake consisted of a confused multitudinous jumble of irregular oscillations, which shifted their direction with such rapidity that a point on the earth's surface wriggled through a path like the form a loose coil of string might take if it were ravelled into a state of the utmost confusion. The mechanical problem in seismometry was to find a steady-point—to suspend a body so that some point in it, at least, should not move while this complicated wriggling was going on. The steady-point would then serve as a datum with respect to which the movement of the ground might be recorded and measured. The simple pendulum had often been suggested as a steady-point seismometer, but in the protracted series of oscillations which made up an earthquake the bob of a pendulum might, and often did, acquire so much oscillation that, far from remaining at rest, it moved much more than the ground itself. The lecturer illustrated this by showing the cumulative effect of a succession of small impulses on a pendulum when these happened to agree in period with the pendulum's swing. The fault of the pendulum, from the seismometric point of view, was its too great stability, and its consequently short period of free oscillation. To prevent the body whose inertia was to furnish a steady-point from acquiring independent oscillation, the body must be suspended or supported astatically; in other words, its equilibrium must be very nearly neutral. Methods of astatic suspension which had been used in seismometry were described and illustrated by diagrams and models, in particular the ball and block seismometer of Dr. Verbeck, the horizontal pendulum, and a method of suspension by crossed cords based on the Tchebicheff straight-line link-work." @default.
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• W4232046936 date "1888-07-01" @default.
• W4232046936 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
• W4232046936 title "Earthquakes and how to Measure them 1" @default.
• W4232046936 doi "https://doi.org/10.1038/038299a0" @default.
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