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• W4236063764 abstract "Reviewed by: The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 by Christopher Clark, and: A Land of Aching Hearts: The Middle East in the Great War by Leila Tarazi Fawaz, and: Empires at War 1911–1923 ed. by Robert Gerwarth and Erez Manela, and: July 1914: Countdown to War by Sean Mcmeekin, and: The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East by Eugene Rogan, and: Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire by Joshua Sanborn Jay Winter The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. By christopher clark. London: Allen Lane, 2012. 736 pp. $29.99 (paper). A Land of Aching Hearts: The Middle East in the Great War. By leila tarazi fawaz. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2014. 416 pp. $35.00 (cloth). Empires at War 1911–1923. Edited by robert gerwarth and erez manela. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. 304 pp. £35.00 (cloth). July 1914: Countdown to War. By sean mcmeekin. New York: Basic Books, 2014. 480 pp. $17.99 (paper). The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East. By eugene rogan. New York: Basic Books, 2015. 511 pp. $32.00 (cloth). Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire. By joshua sanborn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. 288 pp. $49.95 (cloth). In 1914 it was not a crime for a country to have an empire. Imperial power turned dark and at times criminal in popular perception only in the 1950s and 1960s, when, as it happened, the historiography of the First World War took a moral turn. With the interventions of Fritz Fischer and other historians of the origins of the Great Wars in the 1960s, the expansionist tendencies of imperial powers became a central subject for historians, especially given the light it shed on German continuities between the First and Second World Wars. If Hitler did what other German politicians had already done, then his evildoing was in part systemic and not sui generis. The Great War was a global war simply because it was waged by global imperial powers, including Germany. If we treat empires and imperialism in 1914 in a similar manner to the way today we treat the World Bank, the IMF, and the European Central [End Page 930] Bank—that is, as part of the way economic and political powers are organized—we may be able to avoid judging the leaders of 1914 with our anachronistic standards, and take issue with them not as immoral men but as those who failed the nations and empires in the names of which they went to war. Just to take one instance. Why on earth did Austria-Hungary annex Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908? The answer is because it could do so; this measure was simply what imperial powers did, when they could get away with it. Nemesis followed in due course, but the Austrians were no different from other powers in using the logic of imperial power in 1914. Perhaps in early 2016 there ought to be another centenary celebration: that of the writing of Lenin’s pamphlet Imperialism, published the following year, but full of insight on how the pre-1914 world operated. We can welcome, therefore, in this centennial period the publication of a substantial number of books concerning the global and imperial history of the Great War, focusing on how the war broke out, how it was waged, and how its outcome rearranged the imperial world. One of the most thoughtful is Joshua Sanborn’s book on the collapse of the Russian Empire in the war. He opens his book with an analytical model helping us to chart the intersection of war and imperial history in general. His model distinguishes a period of “imperial challenge,” when groups emerge to challenge imperial authority, from a second, wartime phase. Facing the turbulence of war, empires enter a period of military setbacks, which, if unchecked, produce a kind of “de-legitimation” and loss of control over the instruments of violence in an imperial setting. The end of this trail is the second phase of state failure, which seems an appropriate summary for what happened..." @default.
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• W4236063764 title "The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 by Christopher Clark, and: A Land of Aching Hearts: The Middle East in the Great War by Leila Tarazi Fawaz, and: Empires at War 1911–1923 ed. by Robert Gerwarth and Erez Manela, and: July 1914: Countdown to War by Sean Mcmeekin, and: The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East by Eugene Rogan, and: Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire by Joshua Sanborn" @default.
• W4236063764 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2016.0057" @default.
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