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- W4236277777 abstract "Politeness, in lay terms, refers to socially correct or appropriate speech and behavior. A more sociological view is that politeness is a matter of demonstrating, by words and deeds, concern for social persona (or ‘face’) while interacting with others. Politeness as expressed in language is essentially conveyed via socially motivated deviations from direct ‘Gricean’ expression of communicative intent. Such deviations are motivated by the universal human assumption that interactors have ‘face,’ in the form of desires for the interactional acknowledgement of their social persona. There are two kinds of face: positive face desires for affirmation and social closeness, and negative face desires for separation, personal territory, freedom from unexpectable impositions. These give rise to two styles of politeness—one addressed to ratifying the personality of the interlocutor (positive or solidarity politeness), and the other designed to mitigate or minimize impositions (negative or respect politeness). Three culturally, socially, and contextually variable factors influence actors' formulation of how polite to be: the relative social power of the interlocutors, their social distance, and the degree of imposingness that a contemplated utterance or interactional act may have on the interlocutor's face. Cross-cultural and cross-linguistic data from languages and cultures around the world suggest that certain general principles underlie the construction of polite utterances across diverse societies. However, cultural differences in construals of face, and in the norms linked to kinds of social relationship typical in a particular society ensure, that exactly what it is polite to say in a particular context may vary across cultures, providing a recurrent potential source of cross-cultural misunderstandings." @default.
- W4236277777 created "2022-05-12" @default.
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- W4236277777 date "2001-01-01" @default.
- W4236277777 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
- W4236277777 title "Politeness and Language" @default.
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- W4236277777 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/03044-8" @default.
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