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• W4236799512 abstract "Compelling new evidence has left little doubt that vitamin D deficiency contributes causally to multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. When this chapter first appeared, it was known that myelin-reactive T lymphocytes orchestrated the autoimmune attack on the axon–myelin unit. However, it was not clear whether, how, and when hypovitaminosis D contributed to the deregulation of autoimmune T lymphocytes and what role it might be playing in the epidemic of new MS cases among young women. A Mendelian randomization study linking genetically-determined hypovitaminosis D with a dramatic elevation in MS risk, and experiments of culture that have caused a global epidemic of hypovitaminosis D correlating temporally with a global increase in female MS risk have increased confidence that the link is causal. New evidence has substantiated in situ vitamin D signaling within the immune and nervous systems and defined molecular mechanisms of immune regulation and neuroprotection. One of these mechanisms, vitamin D and estrogen synergy for T regulatory cell induction in women may be relevant to the epidemic of new female MS cases. Among the most important neuroprotective mechanisms are those that prevent demyelination, increase new myelin formation, preserve axons, and promote regeneration of transected axons. Still unknown is precisely when vitamin D-modifiable MS risk is acquired, but gestation, neonatal life, and childhood have been implicated. Questions also remain about when, where, and how hypovitaminosis D might influence putative MS risk gene function, epigenetic marking, thymic selection, and deregulation of effector T cell—regulatory T cell homeostasis. The most important unanswered question is whether detecting and resolving hypovitaminosis D in pregnant women and children would reduce the impact of MS in young adults. This chapter reviews these exciting new observations and looks forward to the years ahead in vitamin D and MS research." @default.
• W4236799512 created "2022-05-12" @default.
• W4236799512 creator A5078238512 @default.
• W4236799512 creator A5082665802 @default.
• W4236799512 date "2018-01-01" @default.
• W4236799512 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W4236799512 title "Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis" @default.
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