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• W4237686543 abstract "Tramadol is an exceptional compound, which is produced as a racemic mixture composed of 2 isomers with a different spectrum of activity. It activates both opioid and nonopioid systems, which are mainly involved in the inhibition of pain. The effect of the nonopioid component of tramadol is mediated through α2-agonistic and serotoninergic cascades in the central nervous system by inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine, respectively, and possibly by displacing stored 5-hydroxytryptamine from nerve endings. 1 Sacerdote P. Bianchi M. Manfredi B. et al. Effects of tramadol on immune responses and nociceptive thresholds in mice. Pain. 1997; 72: 325-330 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar , 2 Vickers M.D. O'Flaherty D. Szekely S.M. et al. Tramadol: pain relief by an opioid without depression of respiration. J Anesth. 1992; 47: 291-296 Crossref Scopus (359) Google Scholar Recent studies have disclosed the local anesthetic action of tramadol. 3 Altunkaya H. Ozer Y. Kargi E. et al. Comparison of local anaesthetic effects of tramadol with prilocaine for minor surgical procedures. Br J Anaesth. 2003; 90: 320-322 Crossref PubMed Scopus (107) Google Scholar , 4 Kargi E. Babuccu O. Altunkaya H. et al. Tramadol as a local anaesthetic in tendon repair surgery of the hand. J Int Med Res. 2008; 36: 971-978 Crossref PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar , 5 Altunkaya H. Ozer Y. Kargi E. et al. The postoperative analgesic effect of tramadol when used as subcutaneous local anesthetic. Anesth Analg. 2004; 99: 1461-1464 Crossref PubMed Scopus (80) Google Scholar , 6 Kargi E, Isıkdemir A, Tokgoz H, et al. Comparison of local anaesthetic effects of tramadol with prilocaine during circumcision procedure. Urology, in press. Google Scholar , 7 Acalovschi I. Cristea T. Margarit S. et al. Tramadol added to lidocaine for intravenous regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2001; 92: 209-214 Crossref PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar Altunkaya et al 3 Altunkaya H. Ozer Y. Kargi E. et al. Comparison of local anaesthetic effects of tramadol with prilocaine for minor surgical procedures. Br J Anaesth. 2003; 90: 320-322 Crossref PubMed Scopus (107) Google Scholar compared the local anesthetic efficacy of 5% tramadol with that of 2% prilocaine injected intradermally in the excision of the lesions of size < 1 cm. They obtained a local anesthetic effect with tramadol comparable to that of prilocaine for small lesions. 3 Altunkaya H. Ozer Y. Kargi E. et al. Comparison of local anaesthetic effects of tramadol with prilocaine for minor surgical procedures. Br J Anaesth. 2003; 90: 320-322 Crossref PubMed Scopus (107) Google Scholar In a double-blinded study by Kargi et al, 4 Kargi E. Babuccu O. Altunkaya H. et al. Tramadol as a local anaesthetic in tendon repair surgery of the hand. J Int Med Res. 2008; 36: 971-978 Crossref PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar 5% tramadol and epinephrine has local anesthetic effects similar to those of lidocaine and epinephrine when used in tendon repairs. Editorial CommentUrologyVol. 75Issue 3PreviewThe authors performed a well-designed, randomized, double-blinded study demonstrating decreased postoperative need for analgesia in 8- to 12-year-old boys after circumcision under local anesthesia with 5% tramadol (2 mg/kg) plus epinephrine, compared with those receiving prilocaine (1.5 mg/kg) plus epinephrine. The authors noted that a higher percentage of patients in the tramadol group required additional injections (45% vs 30%) for analgesia during the procedure. Although this difference did not reach statistical significance, the study is limited by the relatively small number of only 20 patients in each group. Full-Text PDF" @default.
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• W4237686543 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2009.08.041" @default.
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