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• W4238094689 abstract "This kingdom is denned by exclusion, in that its members are neither animals, plants, fungi, nor prokaryotes. They comprise eukaryotic microorganisms and their immediate descendants (Margulis and Schwartz 1988). Of the 27 phyla that make up this kingdom, no less than 17 contain members that form mineralized hard parts. Although the vast majority of Protoctista are microorganisms, their smallness does not in any way imply an inability to control their biomineralization processes. On the contrary, many of the mineralizing Protoctista form very elaborate and complex structures. D’Arcy Thompson was one of many natural scientists who was both intrigued and fascinated by their skeletal morphologies. A perusal of his book On Growth and Form shows beautifully illustrated examples of protoctist skeletons and the text reveals a rare insight into some of the forces that govern their structure-forming processes. In the Radiolaria, for example, Thompson (1942) concludes that “the symmetry which the organism displays seems identical with that symmetry offerees which results from the play and interplay of surface- tensions in the whole system: this symmetry being displayed, in one class of cases, in a more or less spherical mass of froth, and in another class in a simpler aggregation of a few, otherwise isolated, vesicles” (p. 723). Although elegant and simple, physicochemical processes of interfacial chemistry are not sufficient to explain the complex, genetically controlled morphologies of many radiolarian species. Skeletal morphology is most likely the product of the delicate interplay between biologically controlled and physicochemically controlled processes (Anderson 1986). This is a recurring theme in biomineralization. Not all the protoctists are expert mineralizers. In fact they exhibit the whole spectrum of mineralization processes, from uncontrolled to finely tuned. Within the foraminifera and testate amoeba, among the Rhizopoda, are examples in which this wide diversity is found even within an individual phylum. They both contain species that construct their tests entirely out of organic materials or organic materials reinforced with mineral grains scavenged from the environment. They also contain species in which the test is mineralized by the organism itself, and at least in the case of the foraminifera, this can occur both intracellularly and extracellularly (Lowenstam 1986)." @default.
• W4238094689 created "2022-05-12" @default.
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• W4238094689 date "1989-07-27" @default.
• W4238094689 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W4238094689 title "Protoctista" @default.
• W4238094689 doi "https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195049770.003.0006" @default.
• W4238094689 hasPublicationYear "1989" @default.
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