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- W4239086549 abstract "Thyroid eye disease is an autoimmune condition that affects the periocular soft tissues. It is a biphasic process with an active, inflammatory phase preceding a durable inactive, fibrotic phase that produces the classic phenotype of proptosis, strabismus, and eyelid retraction, in addition to other inflammatory and congestive signs and symptoms. Although the majority of patients experience mild disease that may require only supportive care, patients with moderate to severe or rapidly progressive disease may benefit from intervention that reduces inflammation and orbital congestion. Medical optimization should be achieved in collaboration with an endocrinologist, and modifiable risk factors should be addressed. With the exception of orbital decompression surgery, which may be considered in the active phase, rehabilitative surgical intervention should be deferred to the inactive phase of the disease when interventions are more safe, predictable, and effective. Future studies of immunomodulatory agents may eventually move them to the forefront of therapy for this debilitating disease." @default.
- W4239086549 created "2022-05-12" @default.
- W4239086549 creator A5006739345 @default.
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- W4239086549 date "2021-01-01" @default.
- W4239086549 modified "2023-10-05" @default.
- W4239086549 title "Thyroid Eye Disease" @default.
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- W4239086549 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-61329-3.00018-4" @default.
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