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• W4239096779 abstract "HomeHypertensionVol. 71, No. 62017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Free AccessReview ArticlePDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissionsDownload Articles + Supplements ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toSupplemental MaterialFree AccessReview ArticlePDF/EPUB2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Paul K. Whelton, MB, MD, MSc, FAHA, Robert M. Carey, MD, FAHA, Wilbert S. Aronow, MD, FACC, FAHA, Donald E. CaseyJr, MD, MPH, MBA, FAHA, Karen J. Collins, MBA, Cheryl Dennison Himmelfarb, RN, ANP, PhD, FAHA, Sondra M. DePalma, MHS, PA-C, CLS, AACC, Samuel Gidding, MD, FAHA, Kenneth A. Jamerson, MD, Daniel W. Jones, MD, FAHA, Eric J. MacLaughlin, PharmD, Paul Muntner, PhD, FAHA, Bruce Ovbiagele, MD, MSc, MAS, MBA, FAHA, Sidney C. SmithJr, MD, MACC, FAHA, Crystal C. Spencer, JD, Randall S. Stafford, MD, PhD, Sandra J. Taler, MD, FAHA, Randal J. Thomas, MD, MS, FACC, FAHA, Kim A. WilliamsSr, MD, MACC, FAHA, Jeff D. Williamson, MD, MHS and Jackson T. WrightJr, MD, PhD, FAHA Paul K. WheltonPaul K. Whelton Search for more papers by this author , Robert M. CareyRobert M. Carey Search for more papers by this author , Wilbert S. AronowWilbert S. Aronow *American Society for Preventive Cardiology Representative. †ACC/AHA Representative. ‡Lay Volunteer/Patient Representative. §Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Representative. ‖American Academy of Physician Assistants Representative. ¶Task Force Liaison. #Association of Black Cardiologists Representative. **American Pharmacists Association Representative. ††ACC/AHA Prevention Subcommittee Liaison. ‡‡American College of Preventive Medicine Representative. §§American Society of Hypertension Representative. ‖‖Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. ¶¶American Geriatrics Society Representative. ##National Medical Association Representative. ***Former Task Force member; current member during the writing effort. Search for more papers by this author , Donald E. CaseyJrDonald E. CaseyJr *American Society for Preventive Cardiology Representative. †ACC/AHA Representative. ‡Lay Volunteer/Patient Representative. §Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Representative. ‖American Academy of Physician Assistants Representative. ¶Task Force Liaison. #Association of Black Cardiologists Representative. **American Pharmacists Association Representative. ††ACC/AHA Prevention Subcommittee Liaison. ‡‡American College of Preventive Medicine Representative. §§American Society of Hypertension Representative. ‖‖Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. ¶¶American Geriatrics Society Representative. ##National Medical Association Representative. ***Former Task Force member; current member during the writing effort. Search for more papers by this author , Karen J. CollinsKaren J. Collins *American Society for Preventive Cardiology Representative. †ACC/AHA Representative. ‡Lay Volunteer/Patient Representative. §Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Representative. ‖American Academy of Physician Assistants Representative. ¶Task Force Liaison. #Association of Black Cardiologists Representative. **American Pharmacists Association Representative. ††ACC/AHA Prevention Subcommittee Liaison. ‡‡American College of Preventive Medicine Representative. §§American Society of Hypertension Representative. ‖‖Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. ¶¶American Geriatrics Society Representative. ##National Medical Association Representative. ***Former Task Force member; current member during the writing effort. Search for more papers by this author , Cheryl Dennison HimmelfarbCheryl Dennison Himmelfarb *American Society for Preventive Cardiology Representative. †ACC/AHA Representative. ‡Lay Volunteer/Patient Representative. §Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Representative. ‖American Academy of Physician Assistants Representative. ¶Task Force Liaison. #Association of Black Cardiologists Representative. **American Pharmacists Association Representative. ††ACC/AHA Prevention Subcommittee Liaison. ‡‡American College of Preventive Medicine Representative. §§American Society of Hypertension Representative. ‖‖Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. ¶¶American Geriatrics Society Representative. ##National Medical Association Representative. ***Former Task Force member; current member during the writing effort. Search for more papers by this author , Sondra M. DePalmaSondra M. DePalma *American Society for Preventive Cardiology Representative. †ACC/AHA Representative. ‡Lay Volunteer/Patient Representative. §Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Representative. ‖American Academy of Physician Assistants Representative. ¶Task Force Liaison. #Association of Black Cardiologists Representative. **American Pharmacists Association Representative. ††ACC/AHA Prevention Subcommittee Liaison. ‡‡American College of Preventive Medicine Representative. §§American Society of Hypertension Representative. ‖‖Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. ¶¶American Geriatrics Society Representative. ##National Medical Association Representative. ***Former Task Force member; current member during the writing effort. Search for more papers by this author , Samuel GiddingSamuel Gidding *American Society for Preventive Cardiology Representative. †ACC/AHA Representative. ‡Lay Volunteer/Patient Representative. §Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Representative. ‖American Academy of Physician Assistants Representative. ¶Task Force Liaison. #Association of Black Cardiologists Representative. **American Pharmacists Association Representative. ††ACC/AHA Prevention Subcommittee Liaison. ‡‡American College of Preventive Medicine Representative. §§American Society of Hypertension Representative. ‖‖Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. ¶¶American Geriatrics Society Representative. ##National Medical Association Representative. ***Former Task Force member; current member during the writing effort. Search for more papers by this author , Kenneth A. JamersonKenneth A. Jamerson *American Society for Preventive Cardiology Representative. †ACC/AHA Representative. ‡Lay Volunteer/Patient Representative. §Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Representative. ‖American Academy of Physician Assistants Representative. ¶Task Force Liaison. #Association of Black Cardiologists Representative. **American Pharmacists Association Representative. ††ACC/AHA Prevention Subcommittee Liaison. ‡‡American College of Preventive Medicine Representative. §§American Society of Hypertension Representative. ‖‖Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. ¶¶American Geriatrics Society Representative. ##National Medical Association Representative. ***Former Task Force member; current member during the writing effort. Search for more papers by this author , Daniel W. JonesDaniel W. Jones *American Society for Preventive Cardiology Representative. †ACC/AHA Representative. ‡Lay Volunteer/Patient Representative. §Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Representative. ‖American Academy of Physician Assistants Representative. ¶Task Force Liaison. #Association of Black Cardiologists Representative. **American Pharmacists Association Representative. ††ACC/AHA Prevention Subcommittee Liaison. ‡‡American College of Preventive Medicine Representative. §§American Society of Hypertension Representative. ‖‖Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. ¶¶American Geriatrics Society Representative. ##National Medical Association Representative. ***Former Task Force member; current member during the writing effort. Search for more papers by this author , Eric J. MacLaughlinEric J. MacLaughlin *American Society for Preventive Cardiology Representative. †ACC/AHA Representative. ‡Lay Volunteer/Patient Representative. §Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Representative. ‖American Academy of Physician Assistants Representative. ¶Task Force Liaison. #Association of Black Cardiologists Representative. **American Pharmacists Association Representative. ††ACC/AHA Prevention Subcommittee Liaison. ‡‡American College of Preventive Medicine Representative. §§American Society of Hypertension Representative. ‖‖Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. ¶¶American Geriatrics Society Representative. ##National Medical Association Representative. ***Former Task Force member; current member during the writing effort. Search for more papers by this author , Paul MuntnerPaul Muntner *American Society for Preventive Cardiology Representative. †ACC/AHA Representative. ‡Lay Volunteer/Patient Representative. §Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Representative. ‖American Academy of Physician Assistants Representative. ¶Task Force Liaison. #Association of Black Cardiologists Representative. **American Pharmacists Association Representative. ††ACC/AHA Prevention Subcommittee Liaison. ‡‡American College of Preventive Medicine Representative. §§American Society of Hypertension Representative. ‖‖Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. ¶¶American Geriatrics Society Representative. ##National Medical Association Representative. ***Former Task Force member; current member during the writing effort. Search for more papers by this author , Bruce OvbiageleBruce Ovbiagele *American Society for Preventive Cardiology Representative. †ACC/AHA Representative. ‡Lay Volunteer/Patient Representative. §Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Representative. ‖American Academy of Physician Assistants Representative. ¶Task Force Liaison. #Association of Black Cardiologists Representative. **American Pharmacists Association Representative. ††ACC/AHA Prevention Subcommittee Liaison. ‡‡American College of Preventive Medicine Representative. §§American Society of Hypertension Representative. ‖‖Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. ¶¶American Geriatrics Society Representative. ##National Medical Association Representative. ***Former Task Force member; current member during the writing effort. Search for more papers by this author , Sidney C. SmithJrSidney C. SmithJr *American Society for Preventive Cardiology Representative. †ACC/AHA Representative. ‡Lay Volunteer/Patient Representative. §Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Representative. ‖American Academy of Physician Assistants Representative. ¶Task Force Liaison. #Association of Black Cardiologists Representative. **American Pharmacists Association Representative. ††ACC/AHA Prevention Subcommittee Liaison. ‡‡American College of Preventive Medicine Representative. §§American Society of Hypertension Representative. ‖‖Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. ¶¶American Geriatrics Society Representative. ##National Medical Association Representative. ***Former Task Force member; current member during the writing effort. Search for more papers by this author , Crystal C. SpencerCrystal C. Spencer *American Society for Preventive Cardiology Representative. †ACC/AHA Representative. ‡Lay Volunteer/Patient Representative. §Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Representative. ‖American Academy of Physician Assistants Representative. ¶Task Force Liaison. #Association of Black Cardiologists Representative. **American Pharmacists Association Representative. ††ACC/AHA Prevention Subcommittee Liaison. ‡‡American College of Preventive Medicine Representative. §§American Society of Hypertension Representative. ‖‖Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. ¶¶American Geriatrics Society Representative. ##National Medical Association Representative. ***Former Task Force member; current member during the writing effort. Search for more papers by this author , Randall S. StaffordRandall S. Stafford *American Society for Preventive Cardiology Representative. †ACC/AHA Representative. ‡Lay Volunteer/Patient Representative. §Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Representative. ‖American Academy of Physician Assistants Representative. ¶Task Force Liaison. #Association of Black Cardiologists Representative. **American Pharmacists Association Representative. ††ACC/AHA Prevention Subcommittee Liaison. ‡‡American College of Preventive Medicine Representative. §§American Society of Hypertension Representative. ‖‖Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. ¶¶American Geriatrics Society Representative. ##National Medical Association Representative. ***Former Task Force member; current member during the writing effort. Search for more papers by this author , Sandra J. TalerSandra J. Taler *American Society for Preventive Cardiology Representative. †ACC/AHA Representative. ‡Lay Volunteer/Patient Representative. §Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Representative. ‖American Academy of Physician Assistants Representative. ¶Task Force Liaison. #Association of Black Cardiologists Representative. **American Pharmacists Association Representative. ††ACC/AHA Prevention Subcommittee Liaison. ‡‡American College of Preventive Medicine Representative. §§American Society of Hypertension Representative. ‖‖Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. ¶¶American Geriatrics Society Representative. ##National Medical Association Representative. ***Former Task Force member; current member during the writing effort. Search for more papers by this author , Randal J. ThomasRandal J. Thomas *American Society for Preventive Cardiology Representative. †ACC/AHA Representative. ‡Lay Volunteer/Patient Representative. §Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Representative. ‖American Academy of Physician Assistants Representative. ¶Task Force Liaison. #Association of Black Cardiologists Representative. **American Pharmacists Association Representative. ††ACC/AHA Prevention Subcommittee Liaison. ‡‡American College of Preventive Medicine Representative. §§American Society of Hypertension Representative. ‖‖Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. ¶¶American Geriatrics Society Representative. ##National Medical Association Representative. ***Former Task Force member; current member during the writing effort. Search for more papers by this author , Kim A. WilliamsSrKim A. WilliamsSr *American Society for Preventive Cardiology Representative. †ACC/AHA Representative. ‡Lay Volunteer/Patient Representative. §Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Representative. ‖American Academy of Physician Assistants Representative. ¶Task Force Liaison. #Association of Black Cardiologists Representative. **American Pharmacists Association Representative. ††ACC/AHA Prevention Subcommittee Liaison. ‡‡American College of Preventive Medicine Representative. §§American Society of Hypertension Representative. ‖‖Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. ¶¶American Geriatrics Society Representative. ##National Medical Association Representative. ***Former Task Force member; current member during the writing effort. Search for more papers by this author , Jeff D. WilliamsonJeff D. Williamson *American Society for Preventive Cardiology Representative. †ACC/AHA Representative. ‡Lay Volunteer/Patient Representative. §Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Representative. ‖American Academy of Physician Assistants Representative. ¶Task Force Liaison. #Association of Black Cardiologists Representative. **American Pharmacists Association Representative. ††ACC/AHA Prevention Subcommittee Liaison. ‡‡American College of Preventive Medicine Representative. §§American Society of Hypertension Representative. ‖‖Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. ¶¶American Geriatrics Society Representative. ##National Medical Association Representative. ***Former Task Force member; current member during the writing effort. Search for more papers by this author and Jackson T. WrightJrJackson T. WrightJr *American Society for Preventive Cardiology Representative. †ACC/AHA Representative. ‡Lay Volunteer/Patient Representative. §Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Representative. ‖American Academy of Physician Assistants Representative. ¶Task Force Liaison. #Association of Black Cardiologists Representative. **American Pharmacists Association Representative. ††ACC/AHA Prevention Subcommittee Liaison. ‡‡American College of Preventive Medicine Representative. §§American Society of Hypertension Representative. ‖‖Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. ¶¶American Geriatrics Society Representative. ##National Medical Association Representative. ***Former Task Force member; current member during the writing effort. Search for more papers by this author Originally published13 Nov 2017https://doi.org/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000066Hypertension. 2018;71:1269–1324is corrected byCorrection to: 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice GuidelinesCorrection to: 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice GuidelinesOther version(s) of this articleYou are viewing the most recent version of this article. Previous versions: Previous Version of Record January 1, 2017: Previous Version 1 Table of ContentsPreamble 12701.Introduction 12721.1.Methodology and Evidence Review 12721.2.Organization of the Writing Committee 12731.3.Document Review and Approval 12741.4.Scope of the Guideline 12741.5.Abbreviations and Acronyms 12742.BP and CVD Risk 12742.1.Observational Relationship 12742.2.BP Components 12762.3.Population Risk 12762.4.Coexistence of Hypertension and Related Chronic Conditions 12763.Classification of BP 12763.1.Definition of High BP 12763.2.Lifetime Risk of Hypertension 12773.3.Prevalence of High BP 12774.Measurement of BP 12774.1.Accurate Measurement of BP in the Office 12774.2.Out-of-Office and Self-Monitoring of BP 12784.3.Masked and White Coat Hypertension 12785.Causes of Hypertension 12815.1.Secondary Forms of Hypertension 12815.1.1.Drugs and Other Substances With Potential to Impair BP Control 12835.1.2.Primary Aldosteronism 12835.1.3.Renal Artery Stenosis 12835.1.4.Obstructive Sleep Apnea 12846.Nonpharmacological Interventions 12847.Patient Evaluation 12867.1.Laboratory Tests and Other Diagnostic Procedures 12868.Treatment of High BP 12868.1.Pharmacological Treatment 12868.1.1.Initiation of Pharmacological BP Treatment in the Context of Overall CVD Risk 12868.1.2.BP Treatment Threshold and the Use of CVD Risk Estimation to Guide Drug Treatment of Hypertension 12868.1.3.Follow-Up After Initial BP Evaluation 12878.1.4.General Principles of Drug Therapy 12888.1.5.BP Goal for Patients With Hypertension 12908.1.6.Choice of Initial Medication 12908.2.Follow-Up of BP During Antihypertensive Drug Therapy 12908.2.1.Follow-Up After Initiating Antihypertensive Drug Therapy 12908.2.2.Monitoring Strategies to Improve Control of BP in Patients on Drug Therapy for High BP 12919.Hypertension in Patients With Comorbidities 12919.1.Stable Ischemic Heart Disease 12919.2.Heart Failure 12929.2.1.Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction 12929.2.2.Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction 12929.3.Chronic Kidney Disease 12929.3.1.Hypertension After Renal Transplantation 12929.4.Cerebrovascular Disease 12939.4.1.Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage 12939.4.2.Acute Ischemic Stroke 12939.4.3.Secondary Stroke Prevention 12949.5.Peripheral Artery Disease 12959.6.Diabetes Mellitus 12959.7.Metabolic Syndrome 12969.8.Atrial Fibrillation 12969.9.Valvular Heart Disease 12969.10.Aortic Disease 129610.Special Patient Groups 129610.1.1.Racial and Ethnic Differences in Treatment 129610.2.Sex-Related Issues 129610.2.1.Women 129710.2.2.Pregnancy 129710.3.Age-Related Issues 129710.3.1.Older Persons 129711.Other Considerations 129811.1.Resistant Hypertension 129811.2.Hypertensive Crises—Emergencies and Urgencies 129811.3.Cognitive Decline and Dementia 130111.4.Patients Undergoing Surgical Procedures 130112.Strategies to Improve Hypertension Treatment and Control 130112.1.Adherence Strategies for Treatment of Hypertension 130112.1.1.Antihypertensive Medication Adherence Strategies 130112.1.2.Strategies to Promote Lifestyle Modification 130112.2.Structured, Team-Based Care Interventions for Hypertension Control 130112.3.Health Information Technology–Based Strategies to Promote Hypertension Control 130212.3.1.EHR and Patient Registries 130212.3.2.Telehealth Interventions to Improve Hypertension Control 130212.4.Improving Quality of Care for Patients With Hypertension 130212.4.1.Performance Measures 130212.4.2.Quality Improvement Strategies 130212.5.Financial Incentives 130213.The Plan of Care for Hypertension 130213.1.Health Literacy 130313.2.Access to Health Insurance and Medication Assistance Plans 130313.3.Social and Community Services 130314.Summary of BP Thresholds and Goals for Pharmacological Therapy 1304References 1304Appendix 1.Author Relationships With Industry and Other Entities (Relevant) 1317Appendix 2.Reviewer Relationships With Industry and Other Entities (Comprehensive) 1319PreambleSince 1980, the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) have translated scientific evidence into clinical practice guidelines (guidelines) with recommendations to improve cardiovascular health. In 2013, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Advisory Council recommended that the NHLBI focus specifically on reviewing the highest-quality evidence and partner with other organizations to develop recommendations.P-1,P-2 Accordingly, the ACC and AHA collaborated with the NHLBI and stakeholder and professional organizations to complete and publish 4 guidelines (on assessment of cardiovascular risk, lifestyle modifications to reduce cardiovascular risk, management of blood cholesterol in adults, and management of overweight and obesity in adults) to make them available to the widest possible constituency. In 2014, the ACC and AHA, in partnership with several other professional societies, initiated a guideline on the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure (BP) in adults. Under the management of the ACC/AHA Task Force, a Prevention Subcommittee was appointed to help guide development of the suite of guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). These guidelines, which are based on systematic methods to evaluate and classify evidence, provide a cornerstone for quality cardiovascular care. The ACC and AHA sponsor the development and publication of guidelines without commercial support, and members of each organization volunteer their time to the writing and review efforts. Guidelines are official policy of the ACC and AHA.Intended UsePractice guidelines provide recommendations applicable to patients with or at risk of developing CVD. The focus is on medical practice in the United States, but guidelines developed in collaboration with other organizations can have a global impact. Although guidelines may be used to inform regulatory or payer decisions, they are intended to improve patients’ quality of care and align with patients’ interests. Guidelines are intended to define practices meeting the needs of patients in most, but not all, circumstances and should not replace clinical judgment.Clinical ImplementationManagement in accordance with guideline recommendations is effective only when followed by both practitioners and patients. Adherence to recommendations can be enhanced by shared decision making between clinicians and patients, with patient engagement in selecting interventions on the basis of individual values, preferences, and associated conditions and comorbidities.Methodology and ModernizationThe ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines (Task Force) continuously reviews, updates, and modifies guideline methodology on the basis of published standards from organizations, including the Institute of Medicine,P-3,P-4 and on the basis of internal reevaluation. Similarly, the presentation and delivery of guidelines are reevaluated and modified on the basis of evolving technologies and other factors to facilitate optimal dissemination of information to healthcare professionals at the point of care.Toward this goal, this guideline continues the introduction of an evolved format of presenting guideline recommendations and associated text called the “modular knowledge chunk format.” Each modular “chunk” includes a table of related recommendations, a brief synopsis, recommendation-specific supportive text, and when appropriate, flow diagrams or additional tables. References are provided within the modular chunk itself to facilitate quick review. Additionally, this format will facilitate seamless updating of guidelines with focused updates as new evidence is published, as well as content tagging for rapid electronic retrieval of related recommendations on a topic of interest. This evolved approach format was instituted when this guideline was near completion; therefore, the present document represents a transitional format that best suits the text as written. Future guidelines will fully implement this format, including provisions for limiting the amount of text in a guideline.Recognizing the importance of cost–value considerations in certain guidelines, when appropriate and feasible, an analysis of the value of a drug, device, or intervention may be performed in accordance with the ACC/AHA methodology.P-5To ensure that guideline recommendations remain current, new data are reviewed on an ongoing basis, with full guideline revisions commissioned in approximately 6-year cycles. Publication of new, potentially practice-changing study results that are relevant to an existing or new drug, device, or management strategy will prompt evaluation by the Task Force, in consultation with the relevant guideline writing committee, to determine whether a focused update should be commissioned. For additional information and policies regarding guideline development, we encourage readers to consult the ACC/AHA guideline methodology manualP-6 and other methodology articles.P-7–P-10Selection of Writing Committee MembersThe Task Force strives to avoid bias by selecting experts from a broad array of backgrounds. Writing committee members represent different geographic regions, sexes, ethnicities, races, intellectual perspectives/biases, and scopes of clinical practice. The Task Force may also invite organizations and professional societies with related interests and expertise to participate as partners, collaborators, or endorsers.Relationships With Industry and Other EntitiesThe ACC and AHA have rigorous policies and methods to ensure that guidelines are developed without bias or improper influence. The complete relationships with industry and other entities (RWI) policy can be found online. Appendix 1 of the present document lists writing committee members’ relevant RWI. For the purposes of full transparency, writing committee members’ comprehensive disclosure information is available online. Comprehensive disclosure information for the Task Force is available online.Evidence Review and Evidence Review CommitteesIn developing recommendations, the writing committee uses evidence-based methodologies that are based on all available data.P-6–P-9 Literature searches focus on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) but also include registries, nonrandomized comparative and descriptive studies, case series, cohort studies, systematic reviews, and expert opinion. Only key references are cited.An independent evidence review committee (ERC) is commissioned when there are 1 or more questions deemed of utmost clinical importance that merit formal systematic review. The systematic review will determine which patients are most likely to benefit from a drug, device, or treatment strategy and to what degree. Criteria for commissioning an ERC and formal systematic review include: a) the absence of a current authoritative systematic review, b) the feasibility of defining the benefit and risk in a time frame consistent with the writing of a guideline, c) the relevance to a substantial number of patients, and d) the likelihood that the findings can be translated into actionable recommendations. ERC members may include methodologists, epidemiologists, healthcare providers, and biostatisticians. The recommendations developed by the writing committee on the basis of the systematic review are marked with “SR.”Guideline-Directed Management and TherapyThe term guideline-directed management and therapy (GDMT) encompasses clinical evaluation, diagnostic testing, and pharmacological and procedural treatments. For these and all recommended drug treatment regimens, the reader should confirm the dosage by reviewing product insert material and evaluate the treatment regimen for contraindications and interactions. The recommendations are limited to drugs, devices, and treatments approved for clinical use in the United States.Class of Recommendation and Level of EvidenceThe Class of Recommendation (COR) indicates the strength of the recommendation, encompassing the estimated magnitude and certainty of benefit in proportion t" @default.
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