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• W42391783 abstract "The marine transport sector contributes significantly to air and water pollution, particularly in coastal areas (Capaldo et. al., 1999). In the oceans, the threat to marine life comes in various forms, such as overexploitation and harvesting, dumping of waste, pollution, alien species, land reclamation, dredging, and global climate change (Beatley, 1991). Cruise ships, for example, are that produce enormous volumes of completely unregulated or inadequately regulated waste (Schmidt, 2000). Considering the fact that some of today's ships can transport more than 5,000 passengers and crew and have the capacity to generate more than 11 million gallons of waste water every day, as well as carry significant amounts of hazardous chemicals from onboard printing, photo processing, and drycleaning operations, it is easy to argue their contribution to a global pollution of the environment (Schmidt, 2000). [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The world's ships are primarily powered by diesel engines that consume less fuel than other propulsion systems and have replaced most of the steam turbine systems that were dominant in the 1940s (Corbett & Fischbeck, 1999). It is estimated that, annually, oceangoing ships emit 1.2-1.6 million metric tons of waste (Corbett & Koehler, 2003). Recent studies have shown an average of 15% of global nitrogen oxide and 5%-8% of global Sulfide Oxide emissions to be generated by oceangoing ships (Corbett et. al., 2007). According to a report published by the United States General Accounting Office (GAO), from 1993 to 1998 alone, cruise ships were involved in 87 confirmed cases of illegal discharges of oil, garbage, and hazardous wastes into United States waters and have paid more than $30 million in fines (GAO, 2000). In a particularly disturbing case, Royal Caribbean Cruises, Ltd. admitted to routinely dumping waste oil from several of its ships and deliberately dumping hazardous chemicals from photo-processing labs, dry-cleaning operations, and print shops into several U.S. harbors and coastal areas over a period of several years. After an extensive investigation, the company pled guilty to a total of 21 felony counts in six U.S. jurisdictions, and agreed to pay a record $18 million in criminal fines (Schmidt, 2000). A congressional research report indicates that cruise ships carrying several thousand passengers and crew have been compared to floating cities and the volume of wastes that they produce is comparably large, consisting of sewage; wastewater from sinks, showers, and galleys (gray water); hazardous wastes; solid waste; oily bilge water; ballast water; and air pollution (Copeland, 2008). Sewage According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), vessel sewage is more concentrated than domestic sewage because people on vessels use less volume of water for sanitary purposes than do people on land (EPA, 2000). The discharge of sewage from vessels into the water contributes to the degradation of the marine environment by introducing disease-causing microorganisms and excessive nutrients. Keckes (1983) indicates that sewage effluents, or municipal wastewaters as they are sometimes known, contribute to perhaps the most universal form of marine pollution. Their impact is usually on inshore waters, used for growing and/or harvesting shellfish, as well as for recreation. The effect of sewage on such filter-feeders as oysters, clams, and mussels is well known. These shellfish concentrate bacteria and viruses from sewage in the process of feeding. The consumption of raw or partially cooked shellfish that have been exposed to untreated sewage can thus lead to viral diseases such as hepatitis (Keckes, 1983). Gray Water Gray water from sinks, showers, galleys, and cleaning activities can contain detergents, oil and grease, and food waste; it is the largest source of liquid waste generated by cruise ships (Sweeting and Wayne 2003). …" @default.
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• W42391783 date "2010-02-01" @default.
• W42391783 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W42391783 title "Green Ships: Keeping Oceans Blue: Some of Today's Ships Can Transport More Than 5,000 Passengers and Crew and Have the Capacity to Generate More Than 11 Million Gallons of Waste Water Every Day" @default.
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