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- W4240702932 abstract "National parks have been defined by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) as areas to be managed for ecosystem protection and recreation. Globally, there are many exceptions to the full IUCN definition: some are not national, some do not allow recreation; some areas that meet the definition are not called ‘parks’ and some that do not, are. There are about 3900 parks worldwide covering nearly 4.5 million km2. Parks developed from the ideas of advocates in England and America who were concerned with recreation and cultural protection rather than the environment. The first two designated were Yosemite, 1864, and Yellowstone, in 1872, both in America. Parks are still designated: three were created in 2005 in east Russia. A World Park Congress is held every decade to determine global policy: the fifth in South Africa in 2003. Emphasis has shifted since the first congress from ecosystem protection to sustainable development and local involvement. The ownership of parks is variable: many are not publicly owned. There has been some restitution of parklands to indigenous peoples, but often, the state has retained many of the rights (habitation, hunting, resource exploitation, etc.) to this land. The biggest management challenge in parks is striking a balance between conservation and development. Active community involvement in management is commonly deployed in pursuit of this balance." @default.
- W4240702932 created "2022-05-12" @default.
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- W4240702932 date "2009-01-01" @default.
- W4240702932 modified "2023-10-07" @default.
- W4240702932 title "National Parks" @default.
- W4240702932 cites W1991383976 @default.
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- W4240702932 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-008044910-4.00576-9" @default.
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