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• W4241300864 abstract "Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder without a known cause. It is characterized by psychosis along with apathy and poor mentation. The disease affects approximately 1% of the world’s population and recognizable symptoms typically begin at ages 18–24. Antipsychotic drugs that reduce the activity of dopamine receptors in the midbrain rarely cure patients, and most require life-long support or supervision and are typically unable to work. Patients with schizophrenia occupy 35% of all patient beds in US hospitals, and one-third of homeless people have the disorder. While the condition has long been thought to be a disorder of dopaminergic neurons, new research is challenging this view. Schizophrenia is more likely a neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in early childhood. Genetic changes, many of which are still obscure, cause too many synapses to be eliminated in the forebrain. This results in reduced synaptic activity along with reduced dendritic connectivity between neurons that can be visualized as a thinning of the cortex on magnetic resonance imaging. Developmental abnormalities affect predominantly glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses, which together regulate dopamine release. Reduced dopamine concentrations cause an overall lack of energy, social withdrawal, and loss of interest in pleasurable activities (anhedonia), while reduced glutamatergic signaling causes psychosis. Recreational drugs such as ketamine and phencyclidine, which block glutamate receptors, can cause similar psychotic symptoms in otherwise unaffected people. Current treatment effectively controls psychosis in many patients but provides no relief for apathy and anhedonia. Up to 10% of patients with schizophrenia end their own life; others die prematurely due to other comorbidities such as diabetes and heart and lung disease." @default.
• W4241300864 created "2022-05-12" @default.
• W4241300864 creator A5088300774 @default.
• W4241300864 date "2021-01-01" @default.
• W4241300864 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W4241300864 title "Schizophrenia" @default.
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• W4241300864 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-821228-8.00019-6" @default.
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