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- W4243586816 abstract "Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Fundamentals of Ultrasound 2.1. Ultrasound in Liquids 2.2. Cavitation 2.2.1. Bubble Behavior in Acoustic Fields 2.2.2. Cavitation Thresholds 2.2.3. Parameters Influencing Cavitation 2.3. Nonlinear Effects 2.3.1. Bubble Collapse near Boundaries 2.3.2. Finite Amplitude Waves and Shock Waves 2.3.3. Streaming 2.3.4. Radiation Forces 2.3.5. Bjerknes Forces 2.3.6. Forces on Small Particles 2.4. Sonochemical Effects 2.4.1. Hot‐Spot Theory 2.4.2. Shock Wave Theory 2.4.3. Supercritical Water Theory 2.4.4. Charge Theory 2.4.5. Promotion of Single Electron Transfer 2.4.6. Cleaning 2.4.7. Mechanical Activation 2.4.8. Enhanced Mass and Heat Transfer 3. Heterogeneous Systems 3.1. Solid ‐ Fluid Reactions 3.1.1. Noncatalytic Reactions 3.1.2. Catalytic Reactions 3.1.3. Precipitation and Crystallization 3.1.4. Atomization 3.1.5. Disaggregation – Comminution 3.1.6. Cell Disruption 3.2. Ultrasonic Extraction 3.3. Liquid ‐ Liquid Reactions 3.3.1. Emulsification 3.4. Phase‐Transfer Catalysis 3.5. Sonoelectrochemistry 4. Homogeneous Systems 4.1. Aqueous Liquids 4.2. Nonaqueous Liquids 4.3. Polymers and Macromolecules 4.4. Sonoluminescence 5. Equipment 5.1. Transducer Technology 5.2. Reactors for Sonochemical Reactions 5.2.1. Laboratory Equipment 5.2.2. Large‐Scale Equipment 5.3. Mapping of Sonochemical Reactors 5.3.1. Hydrophone 5.3.2. Thermocouples 5.3.3. Optical Methods – Bubble Dynamics 5.3.4. The Weissler Reaction Applications of ultrasound in processing and synthesis are widespread and offer unusual and beneficial operating conditions. Two major principles are used in sonochemistry or sonoprocessing: a) mechanical effects for mixing and disintegration and b) high energy processes for radical reactions. The fundamentals in ultrasound and the parameters influencing cavitation are explained. In heterogenous systems, ultrasound is used in noncatalytic and catalytic reactions, biological applications, crystallization, emulsification, atomization, extraction, electroplating, phase‐transfer catalysis. In homogeneous systems, applications of ultrasound include the preparation and degradation of polymers and macromolecules. Mapping of sonochemical reactors can be achieved with several measuring systems and provides an essential knowledge about intensity distribution of the pressure field within the reactor volume." @default.
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- W4243586816 date "2006-12-15" @default.
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- W4243586816 title "Sonochemistry" @default.
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- W4243586816 doi "https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.b24_b01.pub2" @default.
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