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• W4243623478 abstract "Cancer is the USA's number two killer, after heart disease. Every year, there are 1·5 million new cancer cases and 560 000 cancer deaths in the country. During a lifespan, 41% of the US population will develop cancer and 21% will die from cancer. Tobacco remains the single greatest cause of death from cancer. Even though tobacco consumption in the USA has been falling in recent decades, smoking is still responsible for around a third of all cancer deaths in the USA (and tobacco causes even more deaths from diseases other than cancer). The recent smoke-free initiatives in particular parts of the USA, as well as the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 (that gave the US Food and Drug Administration [FDA] regulatory authority to control tobacco products' content, marketing, and sales), are welcome efforts to further tackle tobacco consumption. However, the USA still remains one of the last big countries yet to sign the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control treaty. An estimated 6% of US cancer deaths (34 000 per year) are attributable to occupational and environmental risk factors. These toxic chemicals and environmental pollutants are found in the air, water, home, and workplace. Radon, for example, comes from the soil. It is the second leading cause of lung cancer in people who never smoked. Those who smoke and are exposed to radon have a higher risk of lung cancer than from either exposure alone. Even though the Indoor Radon Abatement Act of 1988 set a national goal of reducing radon concentrations in buildings, no US regulation yet mandates specific radon levels for indoor residential buildings. Only a few states so far require radon testing in schools and day-care facilities. And up to 6% of US homes are estimated to have radon concentrations above recommended levels. This year's annual report from the Presidential Cancer Panel released on May 6, entitled Reducing Environmental Cancer Risk: What We Can Do Now, calls for the US President and the federal government to do more to protect US citizens from environmental cancer risks. The panel is a federal advisory committee established by the National Cancer Act of 1971, whose members are directly appointed by the President. The report, drawing on 2 years of testimony from environmental groups, industry, academia, government, cancer advocacy groups, and the public, concludes that Americans are bombarded with understudied and unregulated environmental pollutants that can cause cancer. It has provoked immediate controversy. The American Cancer Society, while agreeing with some of the report, described it as “unbalanced”. Currently, there are 80 000 chemicals on the market in the USA. But only about 200 of these common chemicals have been tested for safety because, under current policy, the US Environmental Protection Agency can only call for a compound's safety to be addressed when evidence surfaces to show that it is dangerous. This loophole will be closed by the Safe Chemicals Act of 2010, now under consideration, which will require manufacturers to prove the safety of chemicals before marketing. Infants and children, the report states, are the groups most susceptible to environmental pollutants because they weigh less, develop faster than adults, retain active toxic chemicals for longer, and their developing brains are more vulnerable to exposure to chemicals. More than 300 industrial chemicals have been found in umbilical-cord-blood. Thus babies are said to be born pre-polluted. The report additionally gives special attention to exposure hazards from medical sources. People in the USA are estimated to receive nearly half their lifetime radiation exposure through medical imaging. Recently, the FDA, to minimise that exposure, proposed new safety requirements for manufacturers of CT scanners and fluoroscopic devices. Pharmaceutical byproducts have also become a major source of environmental contamination when they enter the water supply after being excreted or improperly disposed of. The Obama administration should not divert its existing cancer prevention resources from the definite big causes of cancer in place to small potential ones. Cancer prevention must remain a top priority for the soon to be appointed director of the US National Cancer Institute. The federal government should impose and enforce stronger environmental laws which will decrease regulatory complexity, reduce industry's influence, and encourage research directed toward the health effects of low doses of a combination agents. US citizens, in the meantime, should take an active approach toward a healthy lifestyle and the protection of the food, water, and air that they consume. For Doll and Peto's paper on avoidable risks of cancer in the USA see J Natl Cancer Inst 1981; 66: 1191–308.For Peto et al's paper on worldwide tobacco mortality see Lancet 1992; 339: 1268–78. For Doll and Peto's paper on avoidable risks of cancer in the USA see J Natl Cancer Inst 1981; 66: 1191–308. For Peto et al's paper on worldwide tobacco mortality see Lancet 1992; 339: 1268–78." @default.
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• W4243623478 date "2010-05-01" @default.
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• W4243623478 title "Preventable cancer in the USA" @default.
• W4243623478 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60718-0" @default.
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