FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W4244032275> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W4244032275 endingPage "13" @default.
• W4244032275 startingPage "1" @default.
• W4244032275 abstract "The, acquisition and internal transport of respiratory gases and metabolic fuels depend on linked processes, with design and function related to energetic demands and attributes of the environment. Environmental challenges to these processes reflect variation in the density of gases, temperature and the pressures that prevail in the environmental medium. The limits of vertebrate survival and performance are tested in environments of low oxygen such as soil, mud or water in which animals overwinter sometimes at freezing temperatures; high altitude where the atmospheric density of oxygen is low; and the deeper reaches of ocean where pressure and distance challenge the physiology of air-breathing vertebrates. Cardiorespiratory functions are also limited by the metabolic demands of animals related to body size, temperature, activity and gravity, which also impacts features of morphology and behaviour. Responses of vertebrates to physical environmental challenges are related to phylogenetic evolutionary changes and include both plasticity of adjustments and genetic/genomic changes influencing form and function, including molecular underpinnings. Key Concepts Aerobic cellular respiration requires internal transport of fuels, oxygen and carbon dioxide, which are exchanged with the external environment and at greater rates during exercise or activity involving muscles. The rate of energy expenditure, or metabolism, per unit of body mass decreases with increasing body size, while increasing with temperature and level of activity. The functional capacities of each step in oxygen transport are matched to each other, and the upper limits to aerobic capacity depend on the integrated function of the linked steps in oxygen transport, rather than any single factor. Saving of energy is related to lowering of body temperature, suppression of metabolism, behavioural reduction of activity and molecular adjustments in fuel usage, among other factors. Countermeasures to gravity's ‘pull’ on blood circulation include tight tissues, relatively nondistending blood vessels, effective neurogenic control of heart and blood vessels and anatomical or behavioural reduction in the vertical length of blood vessels. Increasing altitude reduces the density of oxygen, reduces temperature, increases the diffusion of gases and increases evaporative water loss. The pressure in a fluid column increases with depth as a result of gravity, and increasing pressures in deep water columns compress air spaces, alter the structure of proteins and function of enzymes and decrease the fluidity of membranes. Atmospheric hypoxia limits the distributional range and performance of vertebrates at higher altitudes. Responses to hypoxia may increase the cardiac output and blood flow to tissues, increase the growth of blood vessels, increase blood oxygen capacity and circulating blood volume and adjust metabolic pathways to favour increased efficiency of ATP production. Compared with mammals, birds have superior ability to acquire O 2 and to maintain blood flow to the brain during hypoxia when levels of CO 2 in the blood are reduced. The survival of overwintering ectothermic vertebrates at subzero temperatures is aided by behavioural, physiological and biochemical adaptations that enable animals either to avoid freezing or to tolerate some portion of their body fluids being converted to ice, which is managed by cryoprotectants and antifreeze proteins. Routine dives of diving vertebrates are aerobic, but glycolysis supplements the energy requirements during prolonged submergence or repetitive dives of some species, as well as the low metabolic needs of turtles and frogs hibernating at low temperatures. Vertebrate adaptations for diving deeply include enhanced oxygen reserves primarily in blood, circulation of blood principally to brain and heart, smaller volumes and collapse of the lung to minimize problems associated with buoyancy and the entry into blood of pressurized pulmonary nitrogen, which leads to embolism and the debilitating condition known as the bends. In sea snakes, cardiovascular shunts ‘meter’ the lung oxygen store, lower the partial pressure of oxygen in blood and enable the loss of nitrogen while minimizing the loss of oxygen across the skin." @default.
• W4244032275 created "2022-05-12" @default.
• W4244032275 creator A5043505506 @default.
• W4244032275 date "2021-07-29" @default.
• W4244032275 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W4244032275 title "Vertebrate Respiration and Circulation in Extreme Conditions" @default.
• W4244032275 cites W1513720422 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W1895770086 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W1923124898 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W1963772569 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W1964589675 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W1976163893 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W1981736597 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W1987270666 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W1988703238 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W1988734031 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W1989050283 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W1995262411 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W1998056665 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2012875010 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2015282756 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2021829052 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2027056051 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2028858745 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2034546322 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2046961025 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2047688000 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2051744534 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2054997492 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2055298783 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2055442062 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2056126539 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2059539229 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2065832834 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2067293698 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2069081522 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2075619721 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2077063815 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2079411284 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2087739473 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2089582877 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2091628859 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2093118205 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2095348310 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2096540221 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2101964427 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2120002633 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2123020279 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2123415055 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2124451755 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2124815500 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2125058848 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2130553200 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2130909583 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2130994884 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2135415372 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2139617200 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2144780450 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2146386652 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2153120838 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2163041410 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2166439227 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2171937061 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2197612313 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2274088393 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2300438316 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2323714140 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W23620105 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2401269469 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2411711891 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2538885384 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2587423217 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2588402133 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2741378408 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2746589457 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2748766624 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2800261619 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2899018952 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2924369912 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2939018266 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2965995527 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2971638577 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W2972018777 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W3041630665 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W3043071398 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W4252445417 @default.
• W4244032275 cites W833843298 @default.
• W4244032275 doi "https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0029373" @default.
• W4244032275 hasPublicationYear "2021" @default.
• W4244032275 type Work @default.
• W4244032275 citedByCount "0" @default.
• W4244032275 crossrefType "other" @default.
• W4244032275 hasAuthorship W4244032275A5043505506 @default.
• W4244032275 hasConcept C104317684 @default.
• W4244032275 hasConcept C105702510 @default.
• W4244032275 hasConcept C117437137 @default.
• W4244032275 hasConcept C178790620 @default.
• W4244032275 hasConcept C182215343 @default.

• next