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• W4244109279 abstract "Assessing cognition decline in AD with fMRI is confounded by compensative mechanism. A recent study provided novel evidence that olfactory processing deactivates the Default Mode Network (DMN). Our study using an olfactory-visual association paradigm suggested that olfactory processing may draw cognitive, attentional, and memory resources during odor processing [1]. This is because task-induced DMN deactivations represent competition for cognitive resources and have been shown to be proportional to the cognitive load associated with a task [1]. In this study, we combined olfactory fMRI with independent component analysis (ICA) to investigate the relationships between the olfactory and DMN networks in AD and to propose olfactory fMRI as an objective marker for the assessing cognitive decline for early diagnosis AD [3, 4]. Twelve AD subjects (mean age= 73.7 yrs), 19 aMCI (mean age= 72.8 yrs) and 31 cognitive normal (CN, mean age= 69.5 years) took part in the study. Their smell function was tested using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) [5]. The group ICA was performed by combining all three groups [3]. The responsiveness of each network to stimulation events was also calculated over the olfactory paradigm. Fig. 2a shows group ICA map of the olfactory network, Fig. 2b shows the DMN during the same olfactory fMRI paradigm. The temporal behavior of the olfactory network is shows a high degree of variability in AD (Fig. 2c). Both ICA maps showed markedly less fMRI activation in MCI and AD groups, which follow a similar descending trend as the UPSIT scores and the measurement of olfactory network responsiveness (Fig. 3 and 4). In HC, the DMN and the olfactory network was opposite in phase during odor+visual and visual-only trial conditions suggesting competition for cognitive resources (Fig. 5.). These results indicates that olfactory network activity and DMN activity during odor stimulation is clearly different between HC and MCI which has reached to a level that is comparable to AD. The unique fMRI paradigm provided a simple and straightforward method to detect functional degeneration in the olfactory and DMN networks. The odor-visual association paradigm. Odor presentation was synchronized with visual cues. Subjects were trained to keep the respiration rate and volume consistent prior to fMRI scanning. Olfactory and DMNs found during the odor stimulation paradigm in Healthy Controls (HC), MCI and AD subjects. The odor network encompasses the Primary olfactory cortex, amygdala and hippocampus. The DMN encompasses the posterior cingulate cortex, inferior parietal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex. Time courses for the odor networks are also shown. (a) Behavioral scores for the smell function (UPSIT scores) in HC, MCI and AD. Estimated hemodynamic response functions (HRFs) for the olfactory and DMNs using IC time-courses shown in Fig.2c. The olfactory network responsiveness in respective cohorts for odor+visual and visual- only trial conditions." @default.
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• W4244109279 date "2017-07-01" @default.
• W4244109279 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W4244109279 title "[IC-P-111]: OLFACTORY PROCESSING IS HIGHLY COGNITIVELY DEMANDING: SENSITIVE FUNCTIONAL MARKER FOR COGNITIVE DEFICITS AND DEMENTIA IN AD" @default.
• W4244109279 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.2385" @default.
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