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• W4247641103 abstract "Lakes are aquatic ecosystems of wide-ranging cultural, economic, and scientific importance, and they are the subject of study in many disciplines, including ecology, geography, biogeochemistry, civil engineering, and water resource management. In the late 19th century, the Swiss natural historian François Forel coined the word limnology from the Greek limne, meaning lake, and he defined this new science as “the oceanography of lakes.” The term was subsequently broadened to include all inland waters, including rivers and even estuaries, but most of the textbooks and journals in limnology place greater emphasis on lakes. The term lakes is derived from the Latin word lacus, meaning basin, and in the limnological literature it is usually applied in the widest sense to mean basins of water that range over a continuum of sizes, from farm ponds and reservoirs to vast inland seas, and over a range of salinities, from freshwater to brackish and hypersaline. Many monographs have been published that focus on the limnology of specific lakes, lake types or regions, from the polar zones to the tropics. Forel’s early work identified four broad themes in lake science, and sections of this article divide the literature accordingly. Physical limnology includes geological aspects of lakes, including basin origins and morphometry (shape), the hydrological balance of water inputs and losses, thermal and optical properties of lakes, and the hydrodynamic features of lakes, including waves, mixing, stratification, and currents. Chemical limnology encompasses studies on the biogeochemistry of nutrient and carbon cycles, including greenhouse gas fluxes, the biogeochemical linkages between lakes and their surrounding catchments, sediment-water interactions, and photochemical processes that affect organic matter and contaminants. Biological limnology considers the biodiversity, functioning, and ecological role of animals, plants, and microbes in the lake, including their food web relationships, habitat requirements and temporal variations. Applied limnology addresses the reciprocal relationship between humans and lakes: the use and management of ecosystem services, such as drinking water, fisheries, and hydroelectricity, and human impacts on lakes, including nutrient enrichment (eutrophication), other types of pollution, the introduction of invasive species, and global climate change. This division of the literature into four themes is somewhat arbitrary, for although each scientific article may emphasize one subject area over another, all of the subjects are connected. From the earliest studies onward, limnology has sought to identify linkages and interactions among the disparate aspects of lake ecosystems to achieve an overall, integrated synthesis of ecological understanding." @default.
• W4247641103 created "2022-05-12" @default.
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• W4247641103 date "2018-11-29" @default.
• W4247641103 modified "2023-09-29" @default.
• W4247641103 title "Lakes: A Guide to the Scientific Literature" @default.
• W4247641103 doi "https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199363445-0107" @default.
• W4247641103 hasPublicationYear "2018" @default.
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