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• W4248073610 abstract "This article examines the meaning and history of the concept of habit in Western social thought. As an expression, the concept of habit has generally referred to a self-actuating disposition or tendency to engage in previously adopted or acquired forms of action, ranging from simply behaviors to general characterological orientations. Among social thinkers who have used the concept, habit has typically designated relatively automatically recurrent forms of moral, economic, political, and religious conduct, differing from reflective forms of human action that involve the deliberative selection of means and ends by normative standards. The history of the concept of habit has been roughly coextensive with Western intellectual history itself, though four phases are distinguished. The first phase, running from antiquity to the early 1800s, was marked by diffuse discussions of the role and significance of habit by thinkers ranging from Aristotle to Enlightenment philosophers. The second phase, extending from the mid-nineteenth to the early twentieth century, was characterized by two developments: on the one hand, diverse efforts by European and American social theorists, including Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, to incorporate habit, alongside reflective forms of action, into emerging theories of human conduct in the social world; and on the other hand, a move by natural scientists to restrict habit to more elementary human and subhuman behaviors. The third phase, beginning roughly in 1920, witnessed the successful appropriation of habit, narrowly conceived, by behaviorist psychology and, in reaction, abandonment of the concept by a majority of European and American social thinkers, who for the next half century viewed all human conduct in reflective terms. The fourth phase, the last quarter of the twentieth century, while generally a continuation of the latter trend, has also brought efforts by social scientists to revive a broader concept of habit and to examine the interplay of habitual and reflective forms of human action." @default.
• W4248073610 created "2022-05-12" @default.
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• W4248073610 date "2001-01-01" @default.
• W4248073610 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W4248073610 title "Habit: History of the Concept" @default.
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• W4248073610 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/00122-4" @default.
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