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• W4248515045 abstract "What are atavisms? An atavism is the occasional re-appearance in individual species members of a single generation of a character — a structure or behaviour — that is present in all ancestors within the lineage. The word comes from the Latin atavus meaning an ancestor further back in time than a great-grandfather's grandfather. Atavisms also are known as evolutionary throwbacks, reversions, or the reappearance of ancient characters. Because their appearance is unexpected, atavisms appear to be new but really are the manifestation of an old character, the developmental and genetic basis of which has been retained in ancestors without being expressed as a character. How do we identify an atavism? By definition, atavisms can be identified only in a lineage for which we know the evolutionary history. Thus, when the patterns of articulation of the wrist bones in all the individuals from a single Californian population of the rough-skinned newt, Taricha granulosa, were analyzed, two of the eight patterns were found to be atavistic — these patterns in a few individuals were found in all members of an ancestral species. Other examples of atavisms? The occasional presence of a tail on a new-born human is an atavism because human ancestors are known to have had tails. Likewise, the occasional formation of hind fins in whales or dolphins or of fore- and hind limbs in snakes can be identified as atavisms because cetaceans and snakes have ancestors with fore- and hind limbs. How do atavisms arise? Implicit in the identification of a character as an atavism is that the ancestral developmental and evolutionary basis for the character has been sufficiently preserved that we can identify the character as an atavism. Also implicit is that a precursor of the atavism must be present as developmental programme or rudiment in all individuals but normally not progress far enough to produce the character. Finally, an event — usually a mutation, or a gene recombination — enables the precursor (tail or fin buds in these examples) to continue developing beyond the bud stage, often resulting in a functional structure. Extant horses, for instance, have a single toe on each foot with a splint bone on either side. In horses with three toes — an atavism reflecting the three toed ancestral condition — the additional toes can be fully functional, all the necessary muscles and nerves having developed in response to the presence of the atavistic toes. The three-similar sized toes are clue to the process: in larger limb buds, the primordia of the side toes (normally splint bones) developed and grew at a similar rate to the middle toe, enabling three toes to form. What causes atavisms? Apart from individual environmental disturbances, mutations resulting in atavisms are known. Excessive facial and upper body hair in humans (hypertrichosis) can be so extreme as to cover almost the entire body with hair. The causative mutation has been mapped to Xq24-q27.1 in the X chromosome, although the gene has not yet been identified. We see that, provided the gene regulatory pathway is present, a mutation can provide a sufficient signal to reactivate the pathway leading to the formation of the atavistic feature. Atavisms tell us that genetic information may be retained but not expressed in the phenotype for many generations. An enormous amount of variation is therefore present to be (re)activated given the appropriate signaling event." @default.
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• W4248515045 date "2010-10-01" @default.
• W4248515045 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W4248515045 title "Atavisms" @default.
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• W4248515045 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.07.002" @default.
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