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• W4249969205 abstract "EPPO BulletinVolume 42, Issue 3 p. 501-503 Phytosanitary treatments Traitments phytosanitairesFree Access Phosphine fumigation of stored products to control Trogoderma granarium First published: 12 December 2012 https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.2597Citations: 2AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Specific scope This Standard describes the phosphine fumigation of stored products to control Trogoderma granarium. Specific approval and amendment First approved in 2012-09. Introduction Stored products are often infested by a wide range of stored-product pests. One of the most resistant of these pests is Trogoderma granarium. The larvae of this species cause important damage in over 100 stored products, including nuts and dried fruits, cereals, herbs and oilseeds. Commodities/regulated articles Stored products generally. Pests Trogoderma granarium (TROGGA). Treatment schedule Treatment name: phosphine fumigation. Treatment type: chemical. Formulation: fumigant, packed as a bag, plate or pellets, tablets. Active substance: magnesium phosphine 56%. Treatment conditions Mode of action: fumigation at atmospheric pressure. Growth stage: post-harvest pest control. Number of applications a year: No regulation, the number of applications depends on reinfestation of the commodity. Waiting period Consumption of stored products is allowed after the product (phosphine) has completely dissipated. Efficacy of treatment Phosphine fumigation has been found to be effective in many countries in the EPPO region and worldwide. Phosphine fumigation is an effective method of eliminating insects in stored commodities (Bell, 2000). Fumigation of stored products with phosphine products as prescribed by the label does not contaminate the commodity (F&E Labor, 2005a,b). The schedules described in Table 1 are the result of many years' experience. The trials carried out showed that phosphine treatment of a commodity ensures high mortality of T. granarium and helps to provide non-infested material for the industry (Zakladnoi & Ratanova, 1973; Ducom et al., 2004). Table 1. Application rate per treatment (gas dose)aa The table lists minimum exposure periods. One day should be added to the exposure times to allow for development and distribution of the fumigant. Pest stage Dose (g PH3 m–³) Exposure time, h (days) Minimum commodity temperature (°C) CTP (g m–³ h) Premises, containers Bulk storage, silo, bag stacks Adults and active larvae 7 9 336 (14) 10 366 6 8 240 (10) 11–15 168 5 6 168 (7) 16–20 84 3 5 96 (4) >20 48 Diapausing larvae 9 10 480 (20) 10 720 8 9 336 (14) 11–15 336 7 8 240 (10) 16–20 168 6 8 120 (5) >20 60 a The table lists minimum exposure periods. One day should be added to the exposure times to allow for development and distribution of the fumigant. The schedules provided in Table 1 were tested at the All-Russian Plant Quarantine Centre. The results show that these schedules are acceptable (100% mortality of the different stages of T. granarium including diapausing larvae). The trials carried out showed that the use of phosphine to control T. granarium requires a longer exposure time than for other pests of stored products (Mordkovich & Vashakmadze, 2001; Shamilov & Mordkovich, 2012). The All-Russian Plant Protection Institute in the Leningraskaya area developed similar schedules to control T. granarium, and these schedules were recommended in 2000 in Russia when T. granarium was detected in import commodities. In Pakistan, three field strains of T. granarium were collected from different sites and were found to have significantly different levels of sensitivity to phosphine. A dose of 800 ppm (11.36 g) for 14 days was lethal at 34 ± 1°C and 65 ± 5% relative humidity for all three field-test strains. However, for effective (99–100%) control of relatively less resistant strains, a lower dose of 600 ppm (8.52 g) for an exposure period of 21 days was necessary (Muhammad et al., 2000). Other experiments, conducted in Pakistan, showed that the maximum 100% mortality was observed with phosphine doses of 525 ppm (7.42 g) and 719 ppm (10.2 g) at 120 h exposure periods. There was a positive correlation between larval mortality and phosphine concentration, and a negative correlation between phosphine concentration and required exposure time (Ahmedani et al., 2007). Fumigation conditions are important; consequently, the dose to be used depends on the conditions, in particular relative temperature and humidity; commodity temperature and moisture levels; and gas-tightness of the building/container. When these conditions are not acceptable during fumigation, it is important to use a longer exposure time. The exposure periods recommended in the schedule are minimum periods. Most data for fumigation with phosphine was obtained at 60% humidity and 20°C. Fumigation should not be performed below a temperature of 10°C. The longer the fumigation time, the more effective the fumigation. Exposure time should be lengthened to allow for penetration of gas throughout the commodity, particularly when the fumigant is not uniformly added to the commodity mass, for example, by surface application or shallow probing. This is particularly important in the fumigation of bulk commodities contained in large storage areas. It should be noted that there is little to be gained by extending the exposure period if the structure to be fumigated has not been carefully sealed, or if distribution of gas is poor and insects are not subjected to lethal concentration of phosphine (Zakladnoi & Ratanova, 1973). Notes The fumigation period should be long enough to allow for almost complete reaction of phosphine products with moisture in the products so that little or no non-reacted phosphine products remain (Noack et al., 1983). This will minimize worker exposure during future storage and/or processing of the treated bulk commodity and reduce hazards in the disposal of partially spent phosphide products remaining after space fumigation (F&E Labor, 2005a,b). Enquiries Further information may be obtained from the national authorities responsible for the registration of this fumigant. All-Russian Plant Quarantine Center, Disinfection Department, Dr Artur S. Shamilov, e-mail: artshamilov@mail.ru. References References Ahmedani MS, Nazia S, Ahmedani MY & Aslam M (2007) Status of phosphine resistance in Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium (Everts) strains collected from remote villages of Rawalpindi district. Pakistan Entomologist 29, 95– 102. Google Scholar Bell CH (2000) Fumigation in the 21st century Crop Protection. Crop Protection 19, 563– 569. CrossrefCASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Ducom P, Roussel C & Stefanini V (2004) Quick stored products disinfestation before processing one or two day phosphine fumigation. Proc. Int. Conf. Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products, Gold-Coast Australia. FTIC Ltd. Publishing, (IL) August 8–13 1, 47– 52. Google Scholar F&E Labor (2005a) Detia Freyberg GmbH, Dr.- Werner- Freyberg- Str. 11, 69514 Laudenbach, Versuchsleitung Dipl. Biol. Renate Steuerwald, Versuchsbericht zur Wirksamkeit von Degesch – Plate gegen Schädlinge in einem Sackstapel mit Tee, Mais und Haferflocken Prüfbericht PH3 05 002 vom 12.09.2005/1 Google Scholar F&E Labor (2005b) Detia Freyberg GmbH, Dr.- Werner- Freyberg- Str. 11, 69514 Laudenbach, Versuchsleitung Dipl. Biol. Renate Steuerwald, Versuchsbericht zur Wirksamkeit von Degesch – Plate gegen Schädlinge in einem Container mit Tee, Mais, Haferflocken, Weizen und Weizenmehl Prüfbericht PH3 05 003 vom 12.09.2005/1 Google Scholar Muhammad S & Farooq A, Mansoor-ul-Hasan S (2000) Studies on the relative susceptibility of different strains of Trogoderma granarium (Everts) grubs at various combinations of phosphine concentration and exposure time. Pakistan Entomologist 22, 25– 27. Google Scholar Mordkovich YaB & Vashakmadze GG (2001) Karantinnaya fumigatsiya [Quarantine fumigation]. (in Russian), Rostov on Don 318p. Google Scholar Noack S, Reichmuth C & Wohlgemuth R (1983) PH3 Rückständebei Vorratsschutzbegasungen in Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration, Einwirkzeit und Lagerdauer nach der Begasung. Z. Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und-Forschung 177, 87– 93. CrossrefCASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Shamilov AS & Mordkovich YaB (2012) Conclusion on phosphine fumigation standards (in press) 4p. Google Scholar Zakladnoi GA & Ratanova VF (1973) Vrediteli khlebnikh zapasov [Stored product pests] (in Russian), M. Kolos 275p. Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume42, Issue3December 2012Pages 501-503 ReferencesRelatedInformation" @default.
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