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- W4250010312 abstract "The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis is a multilevel component of the endocrine system. The HPA axis consists of neurons in the hypothalamus that release corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH), anterior pituitary cells that release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in response to CRH, and cells in the adrenal cortex that release the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol in response to ACTH. Cortisol acts on glucocorticoid receptors to exert complex effects on energy metabolism, immune function, and behavior. Circulating cortisol levels vary throughout the day, with highest levels in the morning in diurnal species. Increased HPA activity is triggered by various physical and psychosocial challenges (stressors). Acute stress responses are terminated by a negative feedback loop, but chronic or repeated stressors produce system dysregulation, leading to persistently high or low cortisol levels. Short‐term HPA activity is assessed by measuring cortisol in blood, urine, or feces, whereas long‐term activity can be determined by measuring cortisol deposited in body hair." @default.
- W4250010312 created "2022-05-12" @default.
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- W4250010312 date "2017-04-16" @default.
- W4250010312 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
- W4250010312 title "HPA Axis" @default.
- W4250010312 cites W1989423984 @default.
- W4250010312 cites W2014247660 @default.
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- W4250010312 doi "https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0142" @default.
- W4250010312 hasPublicationYear "2017" @default.
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