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• W4251096286 abstract "Sir: American plastic surgeons are asked to respond to patients’ increased interest in ethnic cosmetic surgery.1 Racial and ethnic minorities are indeed growing significantly in the United States, with Hispanic Americans constituting 16.3 percent of the U.S. population in 2010, African Americans constituting 12.6 percent, and Asian Americans constituting 4.8 percent.2 A key aspect in ethnic cosmetic surgery is to preserve ethnic qualities of the body while reshaping it.1 It is therefore essential for the surgeon to recognize and properly analyze the ethnic differences of body characteristics to maintain the patient’s ethnic harmony.1 Differences in aesthetic ideals among the different ethnic groups should also be clearly identified. Ethnic gluteoplasty is certainly emerging as a hot topic in this field, because of the tremendously increased request for this operation.3 Several studies in the past decades investigated universal and ethnic-specific characteristics of the female gluteal region, which we aim to review and summarize in a simplified classification system. In the early 1990s, Singh reported that a crucial element for characterizing universal aesthetic ideals of the gluteal region, regardless of ethnicity, is defined by a ratio of the waist circumference at its narrowest to the thigh (hip) circumference at the level of maximum prominence of the buttocks (waist-to-hip ratio) equal to 0.7.4–6 [See Figure, Supplemental Digital Content 1, which shows posterior (above) and lateral profile (below) views of different ethnic gluteal types. From left to right: Caucasian, Hispanic, African American, and Asian. Waist-to-hip ratio is represented as approximately equal to 0.7 for all ethnic gluteal types, according to Singh.4 Differences among ethnic types can be appreciated with regard to buttock size, lateral buttock fullness, and lateral thigh fullness, according to Roberts et al.5W, waist line; H, hip line, https://links.lww.com/PRS/B875.] Notably, even small numerical deviations from this ideal ratio may determine a dramatic change in the attractiveness of the female figure.4,5 Conversely, ethnic differences have been described by Roberts et al. as related to buttock size, lateral buttock fullness, and lateral thigh fullness, and classified as follows: (1) Caucasians, full but not extremely large buttock size, with two types of lateral buttock fullness, either rounded (voluptuous) or hollow (athletic), and with no lateral thigh fullness; (2) Hispanics, very full buttock size, with very full lateral buttock and slightly full lateral thigh; (3) African Americans, buttock size as full as possible, with high fullness of lateral buttock and lateral thigh; and (4) Asians, small to moderate sized but shapely buttock, with no fullness of lateral buttock and lateral thigh (see Figure, Supplemental Digital Content 1, https://links.lww.com/PRS/B875).5,6 To achieve the above-mentioned universal and ethnic-specific features of attractiveness and obtain the ideal waist-to-hip ratio of approximately 0.7, Roberts et al. emphasized that buttock augmentation usually requires combination with reduction of the waist and low back.5 They endorse using autologous fat grafting to augment not only the medial two-thirds of the buttocks but also the lateral buttocks and the lateral thighs. However, according to Lee et al., an exception can be identified with regard to Asian patients, who very rarely desire lateral buttock fullness, and wish simply to restore the aesthetic back curvature.6 Implant placement and liposuction of lumbar and trochanteric areas can therefore be considered as a good strategy in this case.7 Excellent cosmetic outcomes along with high patient satisfaction were indeed shown by Park and Whang among 125 Asian female patients undergoing intramuscular gluteal augmentation with oval, smooth-surface, silicone implants.7 Finally, “beautiful buttocks” are perceived as an important attribute of sexual attraction and beauty in every culture.7 A correct surgical approach to ethnic gluteoplasty, including the selection of the appropriate techniques, should aim at fulfilling both universally recognized ideals of attractiveness and specific ethnically defined differences. DISCLOSURE The authors have no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this article. Carlo M. Oranges, M.D.Andreas Gohritz, M.D.Daniel F. Kalbermatten, M.D., Ph.D.Dirk J. Schaefer, M.D.Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic, andHand SurgeryBasel University HospitalBasel, Switzerland" @default.
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• W4251096286 date "2016-10-01" @default.
• W4251096286 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W4251096286 title "Ethnic Gluteoplasty" @default.
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• W4251096286 doi "https://doi.org/10.1097/prs.0000000000002596" @default.
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