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- W4251439588 abstract "Degeneration derives from the Latin degenere; a falling off from the generic or natural state. It entered the English language in the 15th century, but was first used as a secular theory of nature in the 18th century by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon who considered that the climate of the New World produced weaker, sterile species of animals and human beings. Around 1850 it began to appear in medicine; first in pathology. In that year James Paget published On Fatty Degeneration of the Small Blood-Vessels of the Brain and its Relation to Apoplexy. From then on, its use proliferated in pathological texts and became the term applied extensively to damaged nerve cells and tracts. But by 1900, degeneration had been discovered as a ubiquitous state of Victorian nature. Why? In the second half of the 19th century, biological theory was increasingly used to explain the dangerous nature of “the poor”. Identified by their unrestrained reproductive capacities, hereditary diseases, and criminal propensities, the poor would, many declared, swamp the intelligent middle classes and bring an end to civilisation. This “degeneration theory” was framed as a variant of Darwinian evolution. Human intervention through welfare was inhibiting nature's weeding out of the unfit and the result was—in the words of the US degenerationist Eugene S Talbot, in 1898—a proliferation of the “pauper, hysteric, epileptic, prostitute, criminal, born-blind, deaf-mute, paranoiac, recurrent lunatic and idiot”. All were “buds of the same tree of degenerate heredity”, to which anthropological theory added Jewish people, effete aristocrats, artists, the Irish, and all non-European people. Degeneration existed as a continuous chain from the nerve studied down the microscope in the laboratory (“Wallerian degeneration”), through the syphilitic in the clinic, to the urban population of the “outcast poor”. After World War I, the eugenic theory that these fears gave rise to was implemented in the segregation and sterilisation of “degenerates”, culminating in Nazi Germany's “Final Solution” in World War II. But as degeneration theory became politically vicious in the interwar years, most mainstream biologists distanced themselves from it. After the war, distaste for the idea returned its use largely to pathology—as in macular degeneration. Shadows of its previous sinister life still exist in fiction: degeneration is the subtitle that describes the zombies in the biohazardous world of Resident Evil." @default.
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- W4251439588 date "2010-03-01" @default.
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- W4251439588 title "Degeneration" @default.
- W4251439588 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60425-4" @default.
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