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• W4251796682 abstract "High Pressure Nitrogen Injection for Miscible/Immiscible Enhanced Oil Recovery Mungan Necmettin Mungan Necmettin Mungan Petroleum Consultants Ltd. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Paper presented at the SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, April 2003. Paper Number: SPE-81008-MS https://doi.org/10.2118/81008-MS Published: April 27 2003 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Get Permissions Search Site Citation Necmettin, Mungan. High Pressure Nitrogen Injection for Miscible/Immiscible Enhanced Oil Recovery. Paper presented at the SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, April 2003. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/81008-MS Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll ProceedingsSociety of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)SPE Latin America and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference Search Advanced Search AbstractHigh pressure nitrogen injection is being considered as an enhanced oil recovery process for a naturally fractured thick carbonate reservoir containing light oil underlain by an infinite aquifer. The objective is to maintain reservoir pressure at such a level as to increase the ultimate oil recovery economically. In this paper, some of the pre-injection evaluation studies are described.Slim tube displacement tests showed that injecting a small bank of produced C2-C6 hydrocarbon solvent ahead of nitrogen lowered the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) from 5,300 psi to 3,500 psi, a reduction of about 34 percent.Oil recovery experiments in one meter long, 10 millidarcy permeability homogeneous cores gave an increase of 15 percent in oil recovery at 1.2 pore volumes of nitrogen injection at 3,500 psi injection pressure if miscibility is achieved.A small volume, single well nitrogen injection test in the field resulted in increase of the average daily oil rate by 3 m3 under miscible conditions.IntroductionThe target reservoir is carbonate of the Devonian age and has been described in a former paper1. Briefly, the pay zone is thick, extending at depths of 4500 m to 5800 m, is naturally fractured, vugular and fissured. Dolomitization is poor, with matrix porosity being about 6 percent, and the matrix permeability being less than 0.05 millidarcy. More than 90 percent of the natural fractures are micro fractures, appearing like hairlines in the cores. Within the matrix, there is abundance of vugs, ranging in size from one millimeter in diameter to three centimeter. The vugs and the microfracture system are well connected and have been shown to account for the bulk of well productivity. The pay zone also contains macrofractures, which are believed to cause the influx of water from the underlying aquifer.Thin section studies and scanning electron micrographs showed that the pore openings in the matrix ranged from 0.5 to 4 microns in size. Approximately 15 percent of the pore throats in the matrix appear to be filled with a mixture of carbonaceous material or indigenous kaolinite. Capillary pressures between crude oil and nitrogen have been measured with small core plugs in ultra centrifuge and are are given in a previous paper1. Under immiscible displacement, the nitrogen entry capillary pressure ranges from 400 to 800 psi. Such high values point for the need for miscible displacement.Enhanced Oil Recovery ConsiderationsThe original oil in place (OOIP) has been estimated to be 12 billion barrels. A good well in this field, starts at 10,000 bbl/day oil production, an average well at 4,000 bbl/day, and a poor well at 1,500 bbl/day. The best well in this field has produced 60 million barrels of oil to date, over 15 years. Oil production rate of most wells decline rapidly to a few hundred barrels per day in the first few years of production. The reservoir contains a light oil of 39° API, and oil formation volume factor of 1.75. The initial solution gas oil ratio is 1,500 ft3/bbl. The produced gas is rich in C2-C6, about 100 bbl per MMCF initially, but declines to 20 bbl/MMCF within the first two years of production. After seventeen years of production, the cumulative oil production to date has been 1.11 billion barrels, or about 9 percent of OOIP.The initial reservoir pressure is high, 11,500 psi and coupled with reservoir temperature of 365 °F means that retrograde condensation is likely occurring in the reservoir. These point to the need of preventing further decline of reservoir pressure from its current value of 4,000 psi. Furthermore, the bubble point pressure of 3,750 psi will probably be reached in two more years of production. Once the bubble point pressure is reached, the produced gas oil ratio will increase and the oil production rate will decrease rapidly. In addition to the residual oil, large fraction of the valuable condensates will be left in the reservoir as retrograde liquid.The rock and fluid properties make this reservoir a candidate for pressure maintenance. Two issues arose immediately:What fluid can be injected, andAt what value should the reservoir pressure be maintained.It was agreed a priori by the EOR team that the pressure must be maintained at a value higher than the bubble point pressure. Furthermore, the injected fluid must be able to invade the matrix and displace oil there from into the fracture/vug system. Keywords: miscibility pressure, recovery, miscible immiscible enhanced oil recovery, gas injection method, upstream oil & gas, matrix, reservoir, injection, drillstem testing, nitrogen injection Subjects: Improved and Enhanced Recovery, Formation Evaluation & Management, Gas-injection methods, Drillstem/well testing This content is only available via PDF. 2003. Society of Petroleum Engineers You can access this article if you purchase or spend a download." @default.
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• W4251796682 title " High Pressure Nitrogen Injection for Miscible/Immiscible Enhanced Oil Recovery " @default.
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