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W4252241570 abstract "AnaesthesiaVolume 62, Issue 1 p. i-vi Free Access Anaesthesia Journal of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland First published: 06 December 2006 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2006.04949.xAboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Notice to contributors Anaesthesia is the official journal of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland and is published monthly. The process of evaluating, selecting and editing scientific articles for Anaesthesia is independent of the AAGBI and its publishers. It is international in scope and comprehensive in coverage. It publishes original, peer-reviewed articles on all aspects of general and regional anaesthesia, intensive care and pain therapy, including research on equipment. The Editorial Board of Anaesthesia supports the statement on Geopolitical Intrusion on Editorial Decisions, by the World Association of Medical Editors (http://www.wame.org/wamestmt.htm#geopolitical) and is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (http://www.publicationethics.org.uk/). The editors regret that failure to comply with the following requirements may result in a delay in review of submitted manuscripts and publication of accepted papers. Submission of correspondence, manuscripts and covering letter Manuscripts should have page numbers at the bottom of each page. Use Times New Roman in 11 or 12 point. Submission should be via email to the address below with the manuscript as an attachment (Word for Windows or rich text format – see below for information regarding Figures), and the Authors’ declaration form sent as an attached scanned document, by fax (44 (0) 115 823 1908), or in the post. Tables and Legends should be included in the main file and not sent as separate files; figures should be sent as separate files (see below). Submission in any other format may slow down the review/publication process but is possible for those authors who do not have access to the appropriate technology – please contact the Editor-in-Chief in advance if this applies. Dr David Bogod, Editor-in-Chief, Anaesthesia, 1st Floor, Maternity Unit, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK E-mail: anaesthesia@nottingham.ac.uk NB Online (‘rapid’) correspondence may also be submitted via the following website: http://www.anaesthesiacorrespondence.com– a selection will be published in the printed journal several times a year. Authors' Declaration All manuscripts must be accompanied by an Authors’ declaration form, which may be downloaded from the journal website (http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pdf/Authors_Declaration/pdf). Failure to do so will significantly delay the reviewing process. Pre-registration of clinical trials Researchers about to start clinical trials (any research project that prospectively assigns human subjects to intervention or comparison groups to study the cause-and-effect relationship between a medical intervention and a health outcome) that they are intending to submit to Anaesthesia are invited to pre-register the trial on a public registry at or before the time of first recruitment. The editorial in the January 2007 issue of Anaesthesia explains why this process is being encouraged. There are several public registries now available on the web, some of which are free of charge to registrants (e.g. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov). The Editorial Board of Anaesthesia does not currently regard pre-registration of a clinical trial as a compulsory pre-requisite to submission and possible publication, and will not favour those that have been pre-registered or discriminate against those that have not. Types of manuscript Anaesthesia has the following regular sections: Editorials, Original Articles, Apparatus, Case Reports, Correspondence and Book Reviews. Reviews, Historical Articles or Special Articles may also be included. Although Editorials and Reviews are usually commissioned, authors may contact the Editor-in-Chief if they wish to discuss potential topics. Content and style of manuscripts A typical manuscript will have the following sections in the following order, each section starting on a new page: Title page The name and address of the corresponding author should appear in the top left-hand corner. The rest of the page should be as follows: Title of paper: as short as possible but capturing the essence of the paper (a subtitle may be appropriate) without stating the conclusion or posing a question* A. B. Author1 and C. D. Author2 1 Position/designation of 1st author, with full postal address. 2 Position/designation of 2nd author with full postal address. Correspondence to: Dr Corresponding Author (incl. e-mail address) *footnote if presented in part at any national or international meetings, with details including location and date For three or more authors, place the superscript number after the commas. Summary A Summary of fewer than 150 words should state the purpose of the study or investigation, basic procedures, main findings and their statistical significance, and principal conclusions. The Summary should not be structured (i.e. subheaded) nor in note or abbreviated form. It should not state that ‘the results are discussed’ or that ‘work is presented’. Abbreviations should not be used except for units of measurement. Use the same order when discussing the methods and results as in the main body of the text, and always mention the groups in the same order. Introduction No heading is required for this section. The Introduction should give a concise account of the subject's background. Previously published work should only be quoted if it has a direct bearing on the present study. The Introduction should clearly and explicitly state the aims of the project. Methods A statement confirming Local Research Ethics Committee approval and written informed consent should be at the beginning of this section (see Ethical considerations, below). The Methods section must describe in sufficient detail the techniques and processes used so that the investigation can be interpreted and repeated by the reader. Any modification of previously published methods should be described and the appropriate reference given. If the methods are commonly used, only a reference to the original source is required. If special equipment is used, then the manufacturer's details (including town and country) should be given in parentheses. Drugs should be identified by their international non-proprietary name. Label groups in a way that is easy to follow; thus ‘propofol group’ and ‘thiopental group’ instead of ‘Group 1’ and ‘Group 2’. Occasionally, abbreviated group titles may be better, e.g. ‘Group BLAB’ instead of ‘bupivacaine–lidocaine–adrenaline–bicarbonate group’. Remember to include inclusion/exclusion criteria, a justification of sample size (see Statistics, below) and the method of randomisation and blinding. The statistical methods used to investigate data should be given at the end of the Methods section (see below). Results Express results as mean (SD), median (interquartile rangeIQR [range]) – i.e. use parentheses then square brackets – or number (proportion) as appropriate. Results (including actual p values) must be presented for all measurements detailed in the Methods section, and in the same order. Data should not be repeated unnecessarily in the text, Tables and Figures – for example if a graph is used, do not present the same information elsewhere, e.g. in a Table as well. Results should not be given to an unwarranted number of decimal places and 95% confidence intervals should be used where possible (see Statistics, below). Discussion The Discussion should not merely recapitulate the results but should present their interpretation against a background of existing knowledge. Any conclusions must be warranted by the results. In general, avoid a paragraph headed ‘Conclusions’ that merely repeats a summary of the results. Also avoid ending with ‘further work is needed’ (it almost always is) unless you have specific areas of research to suggest. Acknowledgments The authors should acknowledge those who have made substantial contributions to the study or preparation of the manuscript but whose contributions do not fulfil the requirements for authorship. Sources of funding and potential conflicts of interest should be given here. Appendices Information or data not directly a result of the study but necessary for the reader to understand the manuscript should be included as an Appendix. Examples might include copies of questionnaires used, recognised mathematical processes used to generate results or previously published and validated classification systems. All should be appropriately referenced and the authors must obtain permission from the copyright holders if the contents have been previously published. References Number references consecutively in the order they appear in the text, using Arabic numerals enclosed in square brackets on the line (not superscript). Use [1–4] instead of [1,2,3,4]. References cited only in Tables or Figures should be numbered in the sequence established by the first mention of the particular Table/Figure in the text. All references (including those in press) should be listed at the end of the text in the order they are quoted; when submitting your manuscript please submit copies of any articles accepted for publication but not yet published. Abstracts may be quoted as references so long as they have been published in peer-reviewed journals. Unpublished observations, personal communications and abstracts published only in proceedings of meetings should be quoted within the text of the manuscript, in parentheses. Information from manuscripts submitted but not yet accepted should be cited in the text as unpublished observations. Internet sites may be quoted as references by listing them in the normal way in the text (using Arabic numerals) and in the References section. Please include the date accessed in parentheses. List all authors unless there are seven or more, in which case give the first three followed by ‘et al.’. Spell out the names of all journals in full, and give the first and last page number, not just the first. Examples: 1. Author AB, Author CD. Title of paper. Journal Title Written out in Full in Italics 1999; 12: 123–4. 2. Author AB, Author CD, Author EF, et al. Seven or more authors – what's the point? (chapter title). In: Editor GH, Editor IJ, eds. Title of Book. Place: Publisher, 1998: 345–67. 3. Author AB. Book Title, 5th edn. Place: Publisher, 2000. 4. Author(s) of website. Title of relevant page. http://www.URL.co.uk (accessed 01/01/06). Tables Do not include Tables in the text. Each Table should be on a separate page and 1.5-spaced. Number the Tables consecutively with Arabic numerals. Each Table should have a brief legend immediately above it; the legend should provide enough information for readers to follow it without having to look through the text. The legend should explain whether the values refer to mean (SD), number (proportion), etc. Abbreviations should not be mentioned in the legend without explanation. Abbreviations used in the body of the Table should be explained as footnotes in the order in which they are first mentioned, using the following symbols (n.b. not superscript) in the following order: *, †, ‡, §, ¶, **, ††, etc. The study groups should form the columns rather than the rows. If statistical comparisons are being made, a separate column with exact p values should appear. Example: Table 1. Characteristics of patients receiving rocuronium or vecuronium. Values are median (IQR [range]), mean (SD) or number (proportion). Rocuronium(n=36) Vecuronium(n=38) Age; years 24.0 (19–44 [16–52]) 26.0 (22–42 [17–67]) Weight; kg 64.9 (6.8) 62.1 (5.5) Height; cm 143.3 (12.6) 149.9 (14.4) Sex; M : F 3 : 33 7 : 31 ASA grade; 1 28 (77.8%) 31 (81.6%) 2 7 (19.4%) 4 (10.5%) 3 1 (2.8%) 3 (7.9%) Legends for Figures Each Legend should include an explanation of the symbols used to provide enough information for readers to follow it without having to look through the text. Thus ‘Changes in arterial blood pressure and heart rate in patients given propofol (–□–) or thiopental (–○–)’ instead of ‘Cardiovascular changes’. Figures Please supply each Figure as a separate file, rather than embed them within the body of the Word document, and preferably in TIFF or high-resolution JPEG format. Please ensure related graphs have the same format (fonts, use of symbols, etc). The same requirements for abbreviations and units apply as for those in the text. Plot frames, gridlines and legends within the graph itself should be removed. Avoid colour and the use of 3-D unless absolutely necessary (a charge will apply for colour Figures). More detailed information can be found at http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/authors/digill.asp?site=1 See notes below for ethical considerations relating to photographs. Style In general, we prefer a clear, precise style to jargon. Please avoid long, complicated sentences and the passive voice when the active is more appropriate (e.g. ‘We chose epidural anaesthesia because…’ instead of ‘Epidural anaesthesia was chosen by the authors because…’). Remove unnecessary clutter and focus on the actual message of each sentence; thus ‘Hypotension is important because…’ instead of ‘It would be remiss of us not to mention hypotension because…’). Remember that lungs are ventilated, not patients (nor are they intubated – their tracheas are). Similarly, patients are not induced – anaesthesia is – or put on ventilators. Correct terms are tracheal (not endotracheal) tube and neuromuscular blocking drugs (not muscle relaxants). Abbreviations In general, the Journal does not encourage the use of abbreviations, since their frequent use makes papers difficult to read. However, it will accept abbreviations in the following circumstances: Universal abbreviations that do not need to be written out in full when first mentioned in the text. These include abbreviations that appear in a large proportion of the articles published in the Journal, e.g. ECG SD SpO2 BP SEM FIO2 ASA IQR FÉCO2 pHanova 95% CI Acceptable common abbreviations that can be used but should be written out in full at their first mention, e.g.: EEG CNS ICU PCA PAP CSF HDU CTG PCWP HME SCBU ECT CVP PEEP Acceptable abbreviations that do not need to be written out in full when first mentioned but whose use should be restricted to situations where space is limited, such as in formulae or in Tables and Figures, e.g.: O2 CO2 Na+ Ca2+ N2O K+ Mg2+ Numbers & units Numbers should be spelled out in full when they start a sentence, and when they are less than 10 (unless they are followed by units of measurement). Thus ‘Thirteen days later, five patients each received 7 ml solution…’ Commas are not used to indicate thousands; thus 2000 and 20 000 instead of 2,000 and 20,000. Use the format mg.kg−1 not mg/kg. Use SI units throughout the text except for vascular pressure measurements (mmHg or cmH2O) and haemoglobin concentration (g.dl−1). Use the 24-hour clock for times. Ethical considerations Whatever their other merits, manuscripts will only be considered for publication in Anaesthesia if they adhere to the highest ethical standards. These are detailed in two editorials (Investigators, Anaesthesia and ethics. Anaesthesia 2000; 55: 521–2 & Ethics again – hoops, loops and principles. Anaesthesia 2004; 59: 316–7) which potential authors are strongly advised to consult. In brief: 1 Research Ethics Committee (REC) approval must be obtained prospectively for all studies on human subjects, including studies in which participants’ skills are tested using manikins. While some audit and epidemiological surveys, and some assessments of medical equipment, may be exempt from this stricture if participants are appropriately protected against coercion and there is due regard to confidentiality, publication of the results would usually require at least written informed consent and assurances regarding confidentiality even if the REC has indicated that formal submission is unnecessary. If a local audit project is likely to lead to peer review publication, the REC should be informed of that intention. 2 While an essential preliminary step, REC approval does not guarantee that the ethical standards of a study will meet the requirements of the Editorial Board of Anaesthesia. If authors have any concerns that ethical issues might compromise publication, they are invited to contact the Editor-in-Chief before embarking on the study. 3 The Editorial Board supports the view of the General Medical Council that full prospective written informed consent should be obtained from all subjects of clinical trials including participants in manikin studies (see above). Authors who do not follow this guidance will need to be able to mount a robust defence of their decision. 4 Submission of a case report should be accompanied by the written consent of the subject to publication; this is particularly important where photographs are to be used or in cases where the unique nature of the incident reported makes it possible for the patient to be identified. While the Editorial Board recognises that it might not always be possible or appropriate to seek such (or the assent of the next-of-kin if the patient has died), the onus will be on the authors to demonstrate that this exception applies in their case. 5 In general, authors from outside the United Kingdom are expected to adhere to these same standards, although the Editorial Board will be sympathetic to minor variations. Statistics The following guidelines have been prepared by the Editorial Board of Anaesthesia to help authors avoid the common statistical errors that frequently lead to rejection of work submitted for publication. This should not be regarded as an exhaustive list and, of course, the Editorial Board and their reviewers may ask authors for revisions that are not detailed here. However, adherence to these guidelines in a paper that is otherwise acceptable will give researchers a good chance of publication and help ensure that their work is statistically valid. A good overview of the subject can be found in Pocock SJ, Hughes MD, Lee RJ. Statistical problems in the reporting of clinical trials. New England Journal of Medicine 1987; 317: 426–32. Methods 1 Randomisation methods must minimise the possibility of predicting/breaking the code [1]. 2 Blinding must be as good as possible. 3 Where there are several outcomes to be reported, the most important (primary) outcome should be clearly stated. 4 Power analysis [2]: • Justification of sample size should always be performed before randomised controlled trials are started. Details provided should include the power level; the significance level at which a result is sought; and the expected control and study group proportions or mean and pooled SD, in order to allow reviewers and readers to follow the calculation. • The power of the study should be at least 80%. • The ‘clinically important difference’ which the study is designed to detect should be clinically relevant and should not be set unreasonably large (sometimes done to justify small sample size). 5 Descriptive statistics: • Use mean (SD) unless: • Data are discrete (i.e. Apgar scores, sedation scores) or grossly non-normally distributed: use median (IQR [range]). • You are interested in the ‘true’ value for the population (use SE). • Visual analogue scores (VAS) for pain may be treated as continuous data and be subjected to parametric tests as long as: • The sample size is large (>50). • The data appear normally distributed when ‘eyeballed’ or on formal testing of normality. • VAS for other modalities (nausea, drowsiness) have not been so extensively validated and are best treated as ordinal data. 6 Inferential statistics: • Use simple tests where possible. • Avoid multiple comparisons, or correct for them if used [3]. • Reference unusual tests. • Include details of the computer package/version used. 7 When looking for a relationship between variables [4]: • Possible simple descriptive association between two variables: correlation. • Possible relationship between two or more variables, especially where one is predictive and other(s) dependent: regression. • To compare two methods of measurement: Bland–Altman method [5]. Results 1 In randomised trials, baseline data (age, ASA status, duration of operation etc.) should not be subjected to statistical comparison, since it is already known that the subjects were randomly allocated and that any difference is therefore due to chance. Describe characteristics and, if possible, allow for differences in the analysis and discussion. 2 All outcomes mentioned in the Methods section must be reported (in the same order). 3 The number of decimal places used to describe data should be appropriate to the method of measurement (e.g. mean systolic blood pressure of 124.75 mmHg is too precise). 4 When reporting differences between groups, 95% confidence intervals should be included as well as p values [6]. 5 95% CI must be used when reporting low or zero incidences (e.g. no headaches after 300 uses of a new spinal needle) [7]. 6 When reporting the effect of an intervention, absolute risk (AR), relative risk (RR) and ‘number needed to treat’ (NNT) are more easily understood by readers and may be preferable to odds ratio (OR) [8, 9]. 7 Post-hoc comparisons should be avoided (comparing or categorising results in ways that were not stated in the original protocol [10]. 8 Graphs and tables should be appropriate for the data to be displayed. Tables usually convey more precise numerical information; graphs should be reserved for highlighting changes over time or between treatments. 9 Avoid judgemental terms such as ‘highly’ significant. 10 Report actual p values, rather than ranges or limits (e.g. p = 0.032, rather than 0.01 < p < 0.05 or p < 0.05). Conclusions All conclusions should be warranted by the results and not extend beyond the confines of the study conditions. A negative result does not mean that there is definitely no difference (confidence in conclusion is dependent upon the power of the study). A positive result does not mean that there definitely is a difference (confidence in conclusion is dependent upon the α-error). References 1 Altman DG, Bland JM. Statistics notes: How to randomise. British Medical Journal 1999; 319: 703–4. 2 Yentis SM. The struggle for power in anaesthetic studies. Anaesthesia 1996; 51: 413–4. 3 Smith DG, Clemens J, Crede W, Harvey M, Gracely EJ. Impact of multiple comparisons in randomized clinical trials. American Journal of Medicine 1987; 83: 545–50. 4 Porter AM. Misuse of correlation and regression in three medical journals. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1999; 92: 123–8. 5 Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical method for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986; 1: 307–10. 6 Gardner MJ, Altman DG. Statistics with Confidence. London: BMJ books, 1989. 7 Hanley JA, Lippman-Hand A. If nothing goes wrong, is everything all right? Interpreting zero numerators. Journal of the American Medical Association 1983; 249: 1743–5. 8 Sackett TR, Cook RJ. Understanding clinical trials. British Medical Journal 1994; 309: 755-6 9 Laupacis A, Sackett D, Roberts R. An assessment of clinically useful measures of the consequences of treatment. New England Journal of Medicine 1988; 318: 1728–33. 10 Mills JL. Data torturing. New England Journal of Medicine 1993; 329: 1196–9. Review process All papers are reviewed by the Editor-in-Chief and at least one Editor. External review is used as deemed appropriate. The Editor-in-Chief's verdict on acceptance or rejection is final. Papers accepted for publication require an Exclusive Licence Form to be signed and returned to the Publishers before they can be published. [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pdf/ANA_ELF.pdf] Once accepted for publication, the manuscript will be subedited by an Editor; this usually involves some alterations to clarify points and maintain house style. Rather than be excessively prescriptive, the Editorial team try to be as helpful as possible at this stage – with the aim of improving your paper and its readability. The article is then sent to the publishers who will send a set of proofs to the author, Editor and finally the Editor-in-Chief. Changes by the authors at proof stage should be kept to a minimum – authors may be charged for excessive alterations. Time from acceptance to publication is usually under four months. Abstracts presented at specialist societies’ meetings The journal publishes abstracts of free papers/posters that have been presented to national specialist anaesthetic societies based in the UK and Ireland. Abstracts must be submitted within six months of the date of the meeting. The number of abstracts published will depend on the number presented at the meeting. Authors should follow the above Instructions for Authors. In general, the following sections should be indicated as appropriate using bold type: Title, Authors, Institution, Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgements, References (maximum 3). Text should be in a fully justified column 8 cm wide and no more than 23 cm high, Times New Roman, size 8 pt. A single Figure or Table (B&W) is allowable but must fit into the allotted space. Abstracts can only be submitted via the appropriate specialist society – do not submit direct to the journal. Material Storage Policy Please note that unless specifically requested, Blackwell Publishing will dispose of all hardcopy or electronic material submitted two months after publication. If you require the return of any material submitted, please inform the editorial office or production editor as soon as possible if you have not yet done so. Disclaimer The Publisher and Editors cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of information contained in this journal; the views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the Publisher and Editors, neither does the publication of advertisements constitute any endorsement by the Publisher and Editors of the products advertised. Volume62, Issue1January 2007Pages i-vi ReferencesRelatedInformation" @default.
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