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- W4252247377 abstract "Plants offer a wide diversity of habitats for microorganisms, including the phyllosphere (aerial plant part), the rhizosphere (zone of influence of the root system), and the endosphere (internal transport system). Microbial interactions with plants may be beneficial, neutral, or detrimental. Pathogenic microorganisms (virus, bacteria, and fungi) and parasites (nematodes, protozoans) cause several diseases to plants. Disease control is mainly achieved by spraying crops with synthetic chemical pesticides. However, new methods of crop protection have emerged that benefit from naturally occurring microbial communities, which exert a biological control on pests and diseases. Many beneficial microorganisms associated with plants are able to colonize or compete with pathogens for nutrients and sites of interaction on the host, exert antagonism through antimicrobial compounds, develop hyperparasitism, interfere with pathogen signals, or induce resistance in plants. Biopesticides that are composed of beneficial microorganisms as the active ingredient have been developed to control plant diseases. The discovery of a microbial biopesticide involves the isolation of the microorganism strain in pure culture and the performance of efficacy bioassays at different levels of complexity, which end with pilot tests under greenhouse or field conditions. Commercial exploitation of selected strains requires suitable production at large scale and formulation to increase shelf-life. Additional toxicological and environmental impact studies of the microbial strain, with regard to features such as biological properties, specific analytical methods, residues in food products, traceability, and potential adverse effects in nontarget organisms, are needed for authorization and commercial delivery. Many products composed of bacteriophage, bacteria, yeast, and fungi are marketed worldwide, but the availability of commercial biopesticides depends on the specific regulations in each country. Microbial pesticides are applied to plant crops following inoculative, augmentative, or inundative strategies based on local application of sticks or tablets near the root system, by seed coating or root bacterization before transplanting, by using helper insects for dispersion; and by spraying or drenching plants with the biopesticide as done with chemical pesticides." @default.
- W4252247377 created "2022-05-12" @default.
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- W4252247377 date "2017-01-01" @default.
- W4252247377 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
- W4252247377 title "Pesticides, Microbial ☆" @default.
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- W4252247377 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.13087-0" @default.
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