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- W4253048462 abstract "The article provides an introduction to Cryogenics, the science and technology of very low temperatures. As materials are cooled below room temperature, almost all their physical properties undergo marked changes. At the (unattainable) absolute zero of temperature, all materials exist in their solid phases, with the sole exception of liquid helium where both isotopes are still liquid. In the cryogenic range, below about 100 K, the specific heat, thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity (for metals) all change dramatically. These changes can be accounted for in large part by the growing importance of quantum statistics with falling temperature. Some materials that are electrical conductors at room temperature become superconductors (with zero resistance) below their characteristic transition temperature. The analogous phenomenon of superfluidity occurs in liquid helium for both of the stable isotopes, and in each case can involve inviscid flow of one component of the liquid. The principal means of reaching low temperatures are also discussed, including evaporation cryostats, helium-4/helium-3 dilution refrigeration, Pomeranchuk refrigeration and adiabatinc demagnetization. The article closes with brief discussions of cryogenic thermometry and some of the more important cryogenic applications." @default.
- W4253048462 created "2022-05-12" @default.
- W4253048462 date "1967-10-01" @default.
- W4253048462 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
- W4253048462 title "Bibliography of recent cryogenic literature" @default.
- W4253048462 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(67)90053-7" @default.
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