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- W4254174809 abstract "Geopolitics has changed its focus with the times. Its key founding theories were formulated by geographers—Ratzel's organic large state and Lebensraum, Kjellen's doctrine that political processes are geographically determined, Mackinder's ‘Heartland’ as locus for command of the world by Eurasian landpower, and Mahan's theory of world dominance by Anglo–American seapower. The second stage, German Geopolitik, led by Haushofer, combined racist and geographical deterministic doctrines in a pseudo-science that served Nazi strategy for world conquest. Cold War geopolitics, the third stage, was bifurcated. State-centered ‘political’ geopolitics promoted by, among others, Kissinger and Brzezinski, introduced doctrines of containment, domino theory, linkage, and linchpin states. ‘Geographical’ geopolitics developed theories with universal perspectives—geopolitical systems of hierarchical polycentrism, economic globalism, and environmental/social orders. In the fourth, post-Cold War stage, theories of new world order and chaos have been introduced. However, most geopolitics continues Cold War bifurcation. Western ‘political’ geopolitics advocates expansion into the Heartland from Eastern Europe and Central Asia to advance US world hegemony. ‘Geographical’ geopolitics refines theories of polycentric global equilibrium or critical analyses that challenge global power structures." @default.
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- W4254174809 date "2001-01-01" @default.
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- W4254174809 title "Geopolitics" @default.
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- W4254174809 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/02571-7" @default.
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