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• W4254524651 abstract "The Authors Respond: Thank you for the opportunity to respond to the concerns of Dr. van Noord 1 about our article in Epidemiology. 2 We agree that urine sediment may provide a source of nucleated cells that can be easily and noninvasively obtained from adults and that may prove to be a useful source of DNA for epidemiologic studies. Dr. van Noord cites at least seven published reports of studies in which urine sediment is used as a source of DNA for genotyping. 3–9 Of the studies cited, five systematically assessed the suitability of urine sediment as a source of DNA for genetic studies, 3–5,8,9 and two are epidemiologic studies that used urine specimens as a DNA source but did not systematically assess the suitability of these specimens. 6,7 We found an additional study that evaluated urine sediment as a source of DNA for genotyping, 10 and two studies that found urine to be a satisfactory source of DNA from animals in the wild. 11,12 However, when we compared evidence in the literature for the utility of two noninvasive DNA sources—buccal cells and cells from urine sediment—we found much less methodologic evidence available to validate the reliability or to document the optimal conditions for use of urine specimens. 2,9 Although DNA yield is quite variable for both types of specimen, we chose to discuss buccal cells and not urine sediment cells in our review because more information was available for buccal cell specimens. Two of the reports cited by Dr. van Noord state that urine may be a useful specimen in large epidemiologic studies “when blood samples cannot be obtained or have not been stored.”8,9 These reports show genotyping success rates of 89% for one locus 8 and 78% for six loci. 9 Additionally, we suspect that obtaining urine specimens suitable for DNA banking from infants is more difficult than obtaining buccal cells, but we could find no published comparison of these specimens to confirm our suspicion. In summary, we believe that urine specimens may prove to be suitable sources of DNA for large epidemiologic studies but that systematic studies should be done to compare urine specimens with specimens that have been more thoroughly evaluated. We appreciate Dr. van Noord’s raising this issue, and we hope that simple alternatives to blood specimens will continue to be explored and validated. Karen K. Steinberg Deborah Nickerson Michele Caggana Margaret Gallagher" @default.
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• W4254524651 date "2003-03-01" @default.
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• W4254524651 doi "https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200303000-00024" @default.
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