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• W4255367404 abstract "LONDON. Royal Society, February 24.—Prof. C. S. Sherring-ton, president, in the chair.—Sir E. Ray Lankester: A remarkable flint implement from Selsey Bill. The implement, together with two hammer-stones, was found resting with other large broken flints on a bed of clay underlying “the Coombe rock gravel,” and exposed by tidal action on the shore of Selsey Bill, by E. Heron-Allen in 1911. It is of large size, of rostrate form, with a convex dorsal and flat ventral surface, and has been shaped by powerful blows, resulting in coarse flaking of undoubted human workmanship. It belongs to a very early Palaeolithic horizon, probably pre-Chellean. The only flint implements of similar weight and size known are two also of very early (viz. Upper Pliocene) age. It is suggested that the race of men who made and used such an implement had larger hands and more powerful limbs than the more modern races.—Dr. E. J. Allen; Regeneration and reproduction of the Syllid Procerastea. Procerastea halleziana was found living in membranous tubes on the stems of the hydroid Syncoryne. The worm was observed to feed by piercing the body-wall of the hydranths with its extruded pharynx and pumping out the contents of the gastral cavity of the hydroid. Sexual reproduction occurs, each individual forming a single large stolon which is set free as a male Polybostrichus or a female Sacconereis. Pmcerastea were also found undergoing rapid multiplication by a process of fragmentation, followed by the regeneration of anterior and posterior ends. Fragmentation can be induced by artificial means, and takes place in a definite way. The rate of regeneration of the different sections varied according to the region of the body from which they came, being most rapid in those from the middle region. Regeneration of anterior segments appears to continue until the original segments come to occupy exactly the same position in the regenerated worm as they had occupied in the parent.—E. C. Grey and E. G. Young: The enzymes of B. coli communis. Part ii.: (a) Anaerobic growth followed by anaerobic and aerobic fermentation, (b) The effects of aeration during the fermentation, (a) Anaerobic fermentation of glucose by an emulsion of B. coli communis proceeds differently according as the organisms have been grown previously with or without oxygen. When the immediate past history has been anaerobic, the fermentation under anaerobic conditions yields acetic acid in large proportion. Admission of oxygen during the fermentation leads to lactic acid production, (b) The effect of introducing oxygen in the fermentation of glucose by B. coli communis is to increase the lactic, acetic, and succinic acids, and to diminish the hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and formic acid, but to leave the alcohol unchanged. Under anaerobic conditions greater variations occur in the proportion of alcohol to acetic acid than under aerobic conditions. One effect of the introduction of oxygen during fermentation is to inhibit the mechanism of auto-reduction, which is responsible for the variations in alcohol when such occur. The products of aerobic fermentation contain less oxygen than the corresponding products of anaerobic fermentation of glucose; but there, is a gain of oxygen in both cases upon the original glucose. If this extra oxygen comes from the water, one effect of the introduction of oxygen is to diminish the part played by water in the reactions.—Dr. A. E. Everest and A. J. Hall: Anthocyanins and antho-cyanidins, part iv. The paper deals with the constitution of the blue anthocyan pigments in flowers and with the manner in which anthocyan pigments are formed in Nature. The conclusions of Shibata and of Shibata and Kasiwagi concerning the constitution of the blue anthocyan pigments in flowers are compared with those of Willstatter and Everest. Important differences exist between the complex salts formed by jthe anthocyan pigments with the salts of such mefcls as iron and the blue pigments present in flowers. The blue plant pigments investigated are probably comparable to the alkali phenolates of the flavonols. In plant synthesis the flavonols are probably first formed, and from them the anthocvans." @default.
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• W4255367404 date "1921-03-01" @default.
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• W4255367404 title "Societies and Academies" @default.
• W4255367404 doi "https://doi.org/10.1038/107061b0" @default.
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