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• W4255459679 abstract "Free Access Sulfur dioxide [MAK Value Documentation, 1981] 1981. Documentations and Methods First published: 29 October 2015 https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600418.mb744609e0815 AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract The article contains sections titled: Effects in Humans Results of Animal Studies Manifesto (MAK value, classification) [7446-09-5] Supplement 1981 MAK value (1980) 2 ml/m3 (ppm) ≙ 5.3 mg/m3 Effects in Humans Since the MAK value for sulfur dioxide (SO2) of 5 ppm was established in 1974, several studies were published which drew attention to the changes in lung function parameters. In addition, initial functional changes in the airways after low-level exposure to sulfur dioxide in the range of 1 to 5 ppm were given more importance by the US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, NIOSH, in 1974 (NIOSH 1974) and a value of 2 ppm (TLV-TWA) was suggested for sulfur dioxide. At sulfur dioxide concentrations of 1 ppm no clear or noteworthy effects were determined, at 2.5 and 3 ppm barely detectable changes. The value of 5 ppm should, however, be reduced in view of the changes in the breathing mechanism resulting from bronchoconstriction caused by the irritative effects of sulfur dioxide. A reduction of the value to at least 2 ppm should protect also those workers from irritative effects who do not become habituated to the substance. Exposure to sulfur dioxide concentrations of 5 ppm can, however, have adverse effects on the respiratory passages (NIOSH 1977). Andersen et al. 1974 reported the effects on 15 persons of exposure for 6 hours to sulfur dioxide concentrations of 1 ppm, 5 ppm und 25 ppm. Increased nasal airway resistance, a reduced forced expiratory volume and a reduced value for the respiratory flow (FEV25–75%) were found in all studies. The effects were dose-dependent and at 1 ppm only slight. At 5 and 25 ppm also reduced nasal mucociliary flow was registered. Also noteworthy is the fact that the nasal airway resistance in the period between 4 and 6 hours of exposure was higher than between 1 and 3 hours of exposure. It was recommended that the threshold value for sulfur dioxide of 5 ppm be lowered to 1 ppm to prevent bronchoconstriction as a result of a nasobronchial reflex. Lawther et al. 1975 carried out investigations with a total of 25 persons with exposure to sulfur dioxide concentrations of between 1 and 30 ppm. The specific airway resistance (resistance multiplied by the thoracic gas volume) was selected as the evaluation criterion. No significant changes were determined after exposure to sulfur dioxide concentrations of 1 ppm for 1 hour with normal breathing through the nose at rest, and also no clear changes after eight deep breaths at sulfur dioxide concentrations of 1 ppm under hyperventilation. An increase in the specific resistance was detected after 25 deep breaths at 1 ppm, after 8 deep breaths at 3 ppm and during normal breathing with sulfur dioxide concentrations in the range of 5 to 30 ppm. The change in specific resistance was dose-dependent. In addition, great individual differences in sensitivity to sulfur dioxide were determined. The changes in airway resistance had regressed after about 1 hour. Wolff et al. 1975 investigated 9 persons exposed to sulfur dioxide concentrations of 5 ppm for 3 hours. A significant change in mucociliary clearance was not found (detected with the radioactively labelled aerosol). The simple lung function test showed a 10% reduction in the maximum flow rate in the middle of expiration (MMEF reduced by 10%). Bedi et al. 1979 investigated 9 persons exposed to sulfur dioxide concentrations of 0.4 ppm for 2 hours; the persons alternately walked a treadmill (respiratory minute volume of 30 l/min) or were at rest. The lung function analyses, including determination of the airway resistance, did not reveal any notable changes compared with the results of the control investigation (not even with additional exposure to ozone). It is known that sulfur dioxide is absorbed to a high degree in the upper respiratory tract. In the low concentration range of 0.3 to 6.0 ppm, there was a linear correlation between sulfur dioxide and the level of S-sulfonate in blood plasma (Gunnison and Palmes 1974). Kreisman et al. 1976 exposed volunteers for 1 to 5 minutes via inhalation to sulfur dioxide concentrations of 0.5 to 5 ppm. At concentrations of 0.5 ppm there were no significant changes in the maximum expiratory flow, while at 1.0 ppm there was a significant reduction at rest, but not during light exercise on a bicycle ergometer (333 kpm/min). At 3.0 ppm, on the other hand, there were no significant changes at rest, but during exercise a significant reduction in the maximum expiratory flow. Results of Animal Studies In the rat, sulfur dioxide impaired the pulmonary clearance of “inert” particles. No clear effects were detectable at sulfur dioxide concentrations of 0.1 ppm, while reduced clearance was determined after exposure to sulfur dioxide concentrations of 1 ppm for 170 hours. Short-term exposure to high sulfur dioxide concentrations seemed to be better tolerated than long-term exposure to low concentrations (Ferin and Leach 1973). Antweiler and Brockhaus 1976 exposed guinea pigs to sulfur dioxide concentrations of 10 mg/m3 (around 2.76 ppm), and also to NO2 or both gases combined for up to 6 months. There were no clear changes in respiration rate, flow rate and respiratory minute volume. Manifesto (MAK value, classification) Since the MAK value was last established in 1974 it has been shown that sulfur dioxide concentrations of 5 ppm lead not only to slight irritation in susceptible individuals, but consistently to an increase in airway resistance and a reduction in the expiratory flow. In addition, the nasal mucociliary flow can be reduced at concentrations of 5 ppm and above. Concentrations of around 5 to 10 ppm cause irritation of the upper respiratory passages and a slight to moderate increase in airway resistance in most persons not habituated to sulfur dioxide, and in some sensitive individuals even severe bronchospasms. Very high peak concentrations (of around 20 ppm and above), also short-term, should, therefore, be avoided, even in habituated persons. At sulfur dioxide concentrations of 2.5 and 3 ppm, slight functional changes are still detectable. After sulfur dioxide concentrations of 1 ppm the changes in airway resistance and the expiratory flow are slight at the most, or not present. In view of the expected pathophysiological effects of the functional changes described, the MAK value has been lowered from 5 ppm to 2 ppm. It is, however, recommended that lung function data be collected long-term using suitable methods of analysis in persons occupationally exposed to sulfur dioxide concentrations of up to 2 ppm. References Andersen IB, Lundqvist GR, Jensen PL, Proctor DF (1974) Human response to controlled levels of sulfur dioxide. Arch Environ Health 28: 31– 39 Antweiler H, Brockhaus A (1976) Respiratory frequency, flowrate and minute volume in non-anaesthetised guinea-pigs during prolonged exposure to low concentrations of SO2 and NO2 . Ann Occup Hyg 19: 13– 16 Bedi JF, Folinsbee LJ, Horvath SM, Ebenstein RS (1979) Human exposure to sulfur dioxide and ozone: absence of a synergistic effect. Arch Environ Health 34: 233– 239 Ferin J, Leach LJ (1973) The effect of SO2 on lung clearance of TiO2 particles in rats. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 34: 260– 263 Gunnison AF, Palmes ED (1974) S-sulfonates in human plasma following inhalation of sulfur dioxide. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 35: 288– 291 Kreisman H, Mitchell CA, Hosein HR, Bouhuys A (1976) Effect of low concentrations of sulfur dioxide on respiratory function in man. Lung 154: 25– 34 Lawther PJ, Macfarlane AJ, Waller RE, Brooks AG (1975) Pulmonary function and sulphur dioxide, some preliminary findings. Environ Res 10: 355– 367 NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) (1974) Criteria for a Recommended Standard, Occupational Exposure to Sulfur Dioxide, Rockville, Md. 20852, USA NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) (1977) A Recommended Standard for Occupational Exposure to Sulfur Dioxide, U.S.Government Printing Office No. 757−009/43, Washington, D.C., USA Wolff RK, Dolovich M, Rossman CM, Newhouse MT (1975) Sulfur dioxide and tracheobronchial clearance in man. Arch Environ Health 30: 521– 157 1 1 completed 23.03.1981 The MAK-Collection for Occupational Health and Safety: Annual Thresholds and Classifications for the WorkplaceBrowse other articles of this reference work:BROWSE TABLE OF CONTENTSBROWSE BY TOPIC ReferencesRelatedInformation" @default.
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