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• W4280493760 abstract "There has been an increase in knowledge pertaining to the association between human health and the gut microbiota, including Bifidobacterium.Endogenous bacterial species are of major interest for application in human health.In contrast to early life, there is limited application of Bifidobacterium species known to be endogenous during adulthood.In adulthood, there are bifidobacterial species that are particularly prevalent during this host life stage, while also being associated with host health.Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum are prevalent species in the adult gut, are metabolically adapted towards particular dietary carbohydrate components of their host, and exhibit features pertinent to both gut microbiota and host interactions.Carbohydrates represent an important host colonization factor for Bifidobacterium, and metabolic diversity among species and strains may explain differential adaptation, integration, and interaction with resident microbes.The short- to long-term depletion of Bifidobacterium species following antibiotics or (dietary) exclusion may provide routes to understand how bifidobacteria can be re-established. Bifidobacteria are among the earliest and most abundant bacterial colonizers of the neonatal gut in many mammals, where they elicit purported host health benefits. While early life-associated dynamics and diversity, as well as the metabolic and beneficial activities, of Bifidobacterium species have been well studied, functional contributions of bifidobacteria to health and well-being of adults remain less explored. In this opinion piece, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the relevance of endogenous Bifidobacterium species associated with adulthood. We identify knowledge gaps and discuss opportunities for microbiota enrichment with rationally selected strains of Bifidobacterium more adapted to the adult host. We propose that current knowledge and future studies in this area will help us to better understand the ecological, metabolic, and functional roles played by Bifidobacterium in the gut ecosystem across various host ages. Bifidobacteria are among the earliest and most abundant bacterial colonizers of the neonatal gut in many mammals, where they elicit purported host health benefits. While early life-associated dynamics and diversity, as well as the metabolic and beneficial activities, of Bifidobacterium species have been well studied, functional contributions of bifidobacteria to health and well-being of adults remain less explored. In this opinion piece, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the relevance of endogenous Bifidobacterium species associated with adulthood. We identify knowledge gaps and discuss opportunities for microbiota enrichment with rationally selected strains of Bifidobacterium more adapted to the adult host. We propose that current knowledge and future studies in this area will help us to better understand the ecological, metabolic, and functional roles played by Bifidobacterium in the gut ecosystem across various host ages. Bifidobacteria represent highly abundant and prevalent members of the mammalian gut microbiota, especially during host infancy [1.Devika N.T. Raman K. Deciphering the metabolic capabilities of bifidobacteria using genome-scale metabolic models.Sci. Rep. 2019; 9: 18222Crossref PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar]. Multiple studies have shown that a variety of metabolic, immune, and intestinal disease states coincide with Bifidobacterium depletion in the human gut microbiota [2.O'Neill I. et al.Exploring the role of the microbiota member Bifidobacterium in modulating immune-linked diseases.Emerging Top. Life Sci. 2017; 1: 333-349Crossref PubMed Scopus (56) Google Scholar]. Their positive association with health and well-being across the human lifespan has prompted a flurry of research activities aimed at assessing beneficial activities elicited by bifidobacteria [3.Hidalgo-Cantabrana C. et al.Bifidobacteria and their health-promoting effects.Microbiol. Spectr. 2017; 5Crossref PubMed Scopus (203) Google Scholar], with extensive use of strains of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, mostly because of their favorable technological properties [4.Sarkar A. Mandal S. Bifidobacteria – insight into clinical outcomes and mechanisms of its probiotic action.Microbiol. Res. 2016; 192: 159-171Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar]. Based on shotgun metagenomics (see Glossary), recent observational studies involving large population-based cohorts or based on meta-analysis have reinforced their association with health, in particular for certain bifidobacterial species, including Bifidobacterium adolescentis [5.Gacesa R. et al.Environmental factors shaping the gut microbiome in a Dutch population.Nature. 2022; 604: 732-739Crossref PubMed Scopus (123) Google Scholar,6.Gupta V.K. et al.A predictive index for health status using species-level gut microbiome profiling.Nat. Commun. 2020; 11: 4635Crossref PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar]. In the most recent decade, several research efforts have been directed towards identification of human-gut isolates as potential next-generation probiotics or live biotherapeutics [7.O'Toole P.W. et al.Next-generation probiotics: the spectrum from probiotics to live biotherapeutics.Nat. Microbiol. 2017; 2: 17057Crossref PubMed Scopus (483) Google Scholar]. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium may reach up to 15% in the adult gut microbiota [8.Arboleya S. et al.Gut bifidobacteria populations in human health and aging.Front. Microbiol. 2016; 7: 1204Crossref PubMed Scopus (346) Google Scholar], with higher average levels detected in Japanese individuals (17.9 ± 15.2%) [9.Nishijima S. et al.The gut microbiome of healthy Japanese and its microbial and functional uniqueness.DNA Res. 2016; 23: 125-133Crossref PubMed Scopus (285) Google Scholar]. This variation may be driven by analytical parameters, genetic (specifically lactase non/persistency) [10.Kurilshikov A. et al.Large-scale association analyses identify host factors influencing human gut microbiome composition.Nat. Gen. 2021; 53: 156-165Crossref PubMed Scopus (293) Google Scholar], and environmental factors such as diet [11.Bolte L.A. et al.Long-term dietary patterns are associated with pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory features of the gut microbiome.Gut. 2021; 70: 1287-1298Crossref PubMed Scopus (160) Google Scholar], among others. However, while there is increasing knowledge of the contribution of endogenous Bifidobacterium to human health, this has not yet translated into the exploitation of particular bifidobacterial strains to the same extent as that seen for such applications aimed at early life, especially with regard to human milk oligosaccharide metabolism [12.Duar R.M. et al.Integrating the ecosystem services framework to define dysbiosis of the breastfed infant gut: the role of B. infantis and human milk oligosaccharides.Front. Nutr. 2020; 7: 33Crossref PubMed Scopus (33) Google Scholar]. Nonetheless, there is a growing body of literature that underwrites the rational selection of bifidobacteria in the context of their administration to adults, though this will require further assessment of their diversity, metabolism, and associated (beneficial) functionalities of such endogenous (i.e., autochthonous or resident), adult host-associated Bifidobacterium species. In this opinion piece, we discuss the endogenous communities of Bifidobacterium in adults, and specifically those that are present as prevalent species. We consider opportunities to enrich the adult gut microbiota with Bifidobacterium and discuss knowledge gaps to bridge for future studies. We propose that ecology-based understanding of the diversity and functionalities of Bifidobacterium as part of the human gut microbiome will provide opportunities to identify Bifidobacterium strains for specific age categories to support short- and long-term human health. Bifidobacterial communities present in the human gut are essentially represented by 12 bifidobacterial (sub)species, whose detection, abundance, and prevalence vary with age. Previous studies have referred to this as adult-type versus infant-type (bifido)bacterial taxa [8.Arboleya S. et al.Gut bifidobacteria populations in human health and aging.Front. Microbiol. 2016; 7: 1204Crossref PubMed Scopus (346) Google Scholar,13.Wong C.B. et al.Insights into the reason of human-residential bifidobacteria (HRB) being the natural inhabitants of the human gut and their potential health-promoting benefits.FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2020; 44: 369-385Crossref PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar], where it should be said that such species are not exclusive to a specific host age but, rather, differ in prevalence and/or abundance. The age association of variable prevalence of bifidobacterial species appears to reflect extensive adaptation to the gut environment, and especially dietary habits, with differential specificity between species and even subspecies. For instance, the infant gut microbiota typically harbors a higher abundance and prevalence of Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve, and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) when compared with that of adults or the elderly. In healthy adults, the prevalence of Bifidobacterium generally exceeds 90% with just a few species present per subject [14.Oliver A. et al.High-fiber, whole-food dietary intervention alters the human gut microbiome but not fecal short-chain fatty acids.mSystems. 2021; 6e00115-21Crossref Google Scholar,15.Matsuki T. et al.Distribution of bifidobacterial species in human intestinal microflora examined with 16S rRNA-gene-targeted species-specific primers.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1999; 65: 4506-4512Crossref PubMed Google Scholar] (Figure 1). B. adolescentis and B. longum subsp. longum (B. longum) appear to represent the most abundant and prevalent species [14.Oliver A. et al.High-fiber, whole-food dietary intervention alters the human gut microbiome but not fecal short-chain fatty acids.mSystems. 2021; 6e00115-21Crossref Google Scholar,16.Schmidt V. et al.Strain-level analysis of Bifidobacterium spp. from gut microbiomes of adults with differing lactase persistence genotypes.mSystems. 2020; 5e00911-00920Crossref Scopus (7) Google Scholar, 17.Ramirez-Farias C. et al.Effect of inulin on the human gut microbiota: stimulation of Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii.Br. J. Nutr. 2009; 101: 541-550Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar, 18.Zhernakova A. et al.Population-based metagenomics analysis reveals markers for gut microbiome composition and diversity.Science. 2016; 352: 565-569Crossref PubMed Scopus (1136) Google Scholar] with Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum being detected at high prevalence and abundance in some Asian populations [9.Nishijima S. et al.The gut microbiome of healthy Japanese and its microbial and functional uniqueness.DNA Res. 2016; 23: 125-133Crossref PubMed Scopus (285) Google Scholar,19.Xiao Y. et al.Human gut-derived B. longum subsp. longum strains protect against aging in a d-galactose-induced aging mouse model.Microbiome. 2021; 9: 180Crossref PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar, 20.Chung The H. et al.Exploring the genomic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum in a Vietnamese population.Microbiol. Spectr. 2021; 9e0052621Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 21.Zhao F. et al.Gut Bifidobacterium responses to probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang administration vary between subjects from different geographic regions.Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2022; 106: 2665-2675Crossref PubMed Scopus (2) Google Scholar]. Besides being globally the most prevalent subspecies irrespective of age [22.Kato K. et al.Age-related changes in the composition of gut Bifidobacterium species.Curr. Microbiol. 2017; 74: 987-995Crossref PubMed Scopus (106) Google Scholar], strain transmission of B. longum is commonly observed among family members or even between unrelated subjects [19.Xiao Y. et al.Human gut-derived B. longum subsp. longum strains protect against aging in a d-galactose-induced aging mouse model.Microbiome. 2021; 9: 180Crossref PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar,23.Odamaki T. et al.Genomic diversity and distribution of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum across the human lifespan.Sci. Rep. 2018; 8: 85Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar] (Box 1). Other species, such as B. bifidum and B. breve, are commonly less prevalent in adults, however, with variation among studies [21.Zhao F. et al.Gut Bifidobacterium responses to probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang administration vary between subjects from different geographic regions.Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2022; 106: 2665-2675Crossref PubMed Scopus (2) Google Scholar], and B. animalis, specifically subsp. lactis, is mostly associated with intake of dairy products [24.Le Roy C.I. et al.Yoghurt consumption is associated with changes in the composition of the human gut microbiome and metabolome.BMC Microbiol. 2022; 22: 39Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar]. Metagenomic analysis has revealed intraindividual temporal stability of B. longum, B. adolescentis, and B. bifidum strains compared with the more dynamic microbiome [16.Schmidt V. et al.Strain-level analysis of Bifidobacterium spp. from gut microbiomes of adults with differing lactase persistence genotypes.mSystems. 2020; 5e00911-00920Crossref Scopus (7) Google Scholar]. A recent study further identified B. longum and B. breve associated with gut microbiome stability in healthy subjects over 1 year [25.Olsson L.M. et al.Dynamics of the normal gut microbiota: a longitudinal one-year population study in Sweden.Cell Host Microbe. 2022; 30: 1-14Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar]. Coexistence of strains has been reported mostly for B. longum within a given individual [23.Odamaki T. et al.Genomic diversity and distribution of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum across the human lifespan.Sci. Rep. 2018; 8: 85Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar,26.Maldonado-Gómez M.X. et al.Stable engraftment of Bifidobacterium longum AH1206 in the human gut depends on individualized features of the resident microbiome.Cell Host Microbe. 2016; 20: 515-526Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (277) Google Scholar], but overall, little is known about strain diversity among different Bifidobacterium species as well as their persistence within the adult gut microbiota.Box 1Ecological fitness of B. longum subsp. longum (B. longum)The B. longum taxon consists of three subspecies, that is, two human-associated subspecies – B. longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) and B. longum – and one pig-associated subspecies (B. longum subsp. suis). B. infantis is highly adapted to human milk oligosaccharide metabolism and seems to be restricted to early-life hosts. In contrast, B. longum is a key member of bifidobacterial communities, displaying high persistence across the human lifespan, and subject to mother-to-infant and within-family transmission [23.Odamaki T. et al.Genomic diversity and distribution of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum across the human lifespan.Sci. Rep. 2018; 8: 85Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar,62.Milani C. et al.Exploring vertical transmission of bifidobacteria from mother to child.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2015; 81: 7078-7087Crossref PubMed Scopus (169) Google Scholar], while persistence of some B. longum strains was reported from infancy to 6 years of age [63.Oki K. et al.Long-term colonization exceeding six years from early infancy of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum in human gut.BMC Microbiol. 2018; 18: 209Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar] and up to 10 years [64.Chaplin A.V. et al.Intraspecies genomic diversity and long-term persistence of Bifidobacterium longum.PLoS One. 2015; 10e0135658Crossref Scopus (33) Google Scholar]. B. longum strains and the functional adaptation of Bifidobacterium species/strains to diet, such as that associated with breast-feeding and weaning in early life [65.Kujawska M. et al.Succession of Bifidobacterium longum strains in response to a changing early life nutritional environment reveals dietary substrate adaptations.iScience. 2020; 23101368Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (21) Google Scholar] and with adult life [23.Odamaki T. et al.Genomic diversity and distribution of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum across the human lifespan.Sci. Rep. 2018; 8: 85Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar], suggests that carbohydrates play a critical role in the establishment and persistence of B. longum strains across the human lifespan. In adults, a strain of B. longum was shown to persist for more than 6 months in a third of subjects of a study cohort [26.Maldonado-Gómez M.X. et al.Stable engraftment of Bifidobacterium longum AH1206 in the human gut depends on individualized features of the resident microbiome.Cell Host Microbe. 2016; 20: 515-526Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (277) Google Scholar], which is not a common property of most lactic acid bacteria/bifidobacteria [66.Derrien M. van Hylckama Vlieg J.E. Fate, activity, and impact of ingested bacteria within the human gut microbiota.Trends Microbiol. 2015; 23: 354-366Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (385) Google Scholar]. The persistence of an ingested strain of B. longum was, in some subjects, associated with both composition and metabolic features of the initial gut microbiome, such as the absence of certain features of carbohydrate metabolism (such as galactose), and an apparent absence of any resident B. longum, suggesting an available metabolic niche for the ingested strain. The study illustrates the capacity of such a Bifidobacterium strain to colonize and persist in subjects with low/no endogenous Bifidobacterium species and the importance to identify carbohydrates to sustain colonization of specific supplemented strains. The B. longum taxon consists of three subspecies, that is, two human-associated subspecies – B. longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) and B. longum – and one pig-associated subspecies (B. longum subsp. suis). B. infantis is highly adapted to human milk oligosaccharide metabolism and seems to be restricted to early-life hosts. In contrast, B. longum is a key member of bifidobacterial communities, displaying high persistence across the human lifespan, and subject to mother-to-infant and within-family transmission [23.Odamaki T. et al.Genomic diversity and distribution of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum across the human lifespan.Sci. Rep. 2018; 8: 85Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar,62.Milani C. et al.Exploring vertical transmission of bifidobacteria from mother to child.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2015; 81: 7078-7087Crossref PubMed Scopus (169) Google Scholar], while persistence of some B. longum strains was reported from infancy to 6 years of age [63.Oki K. et al.Long-term colonization exceeding six years from early infancy of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum in human gut.BMC Microbiol. 2018; 18: 209Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar] and up to 10 years [64.Chaplin A.V. et al.Intraspecies genomic diversity and long-term persistence of Bifidobacterium longum.PLoS One. 2015; 10e0135658Crossref Scopus (33) Google Scholar]. B. longum strains and the functional adaptation of Bifidobacterium species/strains to diet, such as that associated with breast-feeding and weaning in early life [65.Kujawska M. et al.Succession of Bifidobacterium longum strains in response to a changing early life nutritional environment reveals dietary substrate adaptations.iScience. 2020; 23101368Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (21) Google Scholar] and with adult life [23.Odamaki T. et al.Genomic diversity and distribution of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum across the human lifespan.Sci. Rep. 2018; 8: 85Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar], suggests that carbohydrates play a critical role in the establishment and persistence of B. longum strains across the human lifespan. In adults, a strain of B. longum was shown to persist for more than 6 months in a third of subjects of a study cohort [26.Maldonado-Gómez M.X. et al.Stable engraftment of Bifidobacterium longum AH1206 in the human gut depends on individualized features of the resident microbiome.Cell Host Microbe. 2016; 20: 515-526Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (277) Google Scholar], which is not a common property of most lactic acid bacteria/bifidobacteria [66.Derrien M. van Hylckama Vlieg J.E. Fate, activity, and impact of ingested bacteria within the human gut microbiota.Trends Microbiol. 2015; 23: 354-366Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (385) Google Scholar]. The persistence of an ingested strain of B. longum was, in some subjects, associated with both composition and metabolic features of the initial gut microbiome, such as the absence of certain features of carbohydrate metabolism (such as galactose), and an apparent absence of any resident B. longum, suggesting an available metabolic niche for the ingested strain. The study illustrates the capacity of such a Bifidobacterium strain to colonize and persist in subjects with low/no endogenous Bifidobacterium species and the importance to identify carbohydrates to sustain colonization of specific supplemented strains. Bifidobacterium species contribute to the production of a variety of metabolites (summarized in Figure 2). Here, we focus specifically on prevalent bifidobacterial species, that is, B. adolescentis, B. longum, and B. pseudocatenulatum, and their adaptation to the adult gut environment with specific reference to dietary carbohydrates they utilize and some of their cell envelope components, and how these factors may affect gut microbiota and microbe–host interactions. Diet is one of the major determinants of the composition and function of the gut microbiota [27.Derrien M. Veiga P. Rethinking diet to aid human–microbe symbiosis.Trends Microbiol. 2017; 25: 100-112Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar]. Notably, B. adolescentis was identified among gut microbiota species as being the most significantly associated with dietary habits [11.Bolte L.A. et al.Long-term dietary patterns are associated with pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory features of the gut microbiome.Gut. 2021; 70: 1287-1298Crossref PubMed Scopus (160) Google Scholar]. Among dietary factors, dietary carbohydrates represent the most frequently reported dietary component being positively associated with Bifidobacterium species [11.Bolte L.A. et al.Long-term dietary patterns are associated with pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory features of the gut microbiome.Gut. 2021; 70: 1287-1298Crossref PubMed Scopus (160) Google Scholar,28.Asnicar F. et al.Microbiome connections with host metabolism and habitual diet from 1,098 deeply phenotyped individuals.Nat. Med. 2021; 27: 321-332Crossref PubMed Scopus (316) Google Scholar]. The 'Bifid shunt' is the central and unique metabolic pathway for carbohydrate fermentation used by bifidobacteria, resulting in comparably high ATP generation with concomitant production of acetate and lactate, without gas production. Human-derived Bifidobacterium species encode an extensive set of glycan-hydrolyzing enzymes which are responsible for species- or strain-specific carbohydrate-metabolizing abilities (recently reviewed in [29.Kelly S.M. et al.Plant glycan metabolism by bifidobacteria.Front. Microbiol. 2021; 12609418Crossref Scopus (31) Google Scholar]). While most bifidobacteria can metabolize mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides, there is more variability in the metabolism of polysaccharidic dietary carbohydrates between species such as resistant starch, (arabino)xylans, (arabino)galactans, and arabinans, which are major components of the human diet [29.Kelly S.M. et al.Plant glycan metabolism by bifidobacteria.Front. Microbiol. 2021; 12609418Crossref Scopus (31) Google Scholar]. The genomes of B. longum, B. adolescentis, and B. pseudocatenulatum encode a wide range of glycan-active enzymes which are predicted to target plant-based carbohydrates [20.Chung The H. et al.Exploring the genomic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum in a Vietnamese population.Microbiol. Spectr. 2021; 9e0052621Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar,30.Milani C. et al.Genomics of the genus Bifidobacterium reveals species-specific adaptation to the glycan-rich gut environment.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2015; 82: 980-991Crossref PubMed Scopus (138) Google Scholar, 31.Duranti S. et al.Evaluation of genetic diversity among strains of the human gut commensal Bifidobacterium adolescentis.Sci. Rep. 2016; 6: 23971Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar, 32.Watanabe Y. et al.Xylan utilisation promotes adaptation of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum to the human gastrointestinal tract.ISME Commun. 2021; 1: 62Crossref Google Scholar]. Genetic, biochemical, and metabolic information is nonetheless limited for these species, and we have focused mainly on B. adolescentis and B. longum [29.Kelly S.M. et al.Plant glycan metabolism by bifidobacteria.Front. Microbiol. 2021; 12609418Crossref Scopus (31) Google Scholar,31.Duranti S. et al.Evaluation of genetic diversity among strains of the human gut commensal Bifidobacterium adolescentis.Sci. Rep. 2016; 6: 23971Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar,33.Duranti S. et al.Exploration of the genomic diversity and core genome of the Bifidobacterium adolescentis phylogenetic group by means of a polyphasic approach.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2013; 79: 336-346Crossref PubMed Scopus (16) Google Scholar,34.Ze X. et al.Ruminococcus bromii is a keystone species for the degradation of resistant starch in the human colon.ISME J. 2012; 6: 1535-1543Crossref PubMed Scopus (634) Google Scholar] with growing scientific data regarding B. pseudocatenulatum [20.Chung The H. et al.Exploring the genomic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum in a Vietnamese population.Microbiol. Spectr. 2021; 9e0052621Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar,32.Watanabe Y. et al.Xylan utilisation promotes adaptation of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum to the human gastrointestinal tract.ISME Commun. 2021; 1: 62Crossref Google Scholar]. B. adolescentis metabolism seems to be specialized towards utilization of plant-derived carbohydrates, specifically starch and starch-like polysaccharides [31.Duranti S. et al.Evaluation of genetic diversity among strains of the human gut commensal Bifidobacterium adolescentis.Sci. Rep. 2016; 6: 23971Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar,34.Ze X. et al.Ruminococcus bromii is a keystone species for the degradation of resistant starch in the human colon.ISME J. 2012; 6: 1535-1543Crossref PubMed Scopus (634) Google Scholar,35.Nagara Y. et al.Selective induction of human gut-associated acetogenic/butyrogenic microbiota based on specific microbial colonization of indigestible starch granules.ISME J. 2022; (Published online February 03, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-022-01196-w)Crossref PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar], a property reflected in its core genome, encompassing a set of genes required for the uptake and metabolism of such glycans [31.Duranti S. et al.Evaluation of genetic diversity among strains of the human gut commensal Bifidobacterium adolescentis.Sci. Rep. 2016; 6: 23971Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar,36.Milani C. et al.Bifidobacteria exhibit social behavior through carbohydrate resource sharing in the gut.Sci. Rep. 2015; 5: 15782Crossref PubMed Scopus (195) Google Scholar]. Variation between strains for their preference for a resistant starch type has been reported; this could at least partially explain the variable response of Bifidobacterium species in human intervention trials (recently reviewed in [37.Dobranowski P.A. Stintzi A. Resistant starch, microbiome, and precision modulation.Gut Microbes. 2021; 131926842Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar]). In contrast, B. longum strains prefer to metabolize arabinogalactan, arabinoxylan, or arabinan [38.Song A.X. et al.Mechanistic insights into the structure-dependant and strain-specific utilization of wheat arabinoxylan by Bifidobacterium longum.Carbohydr. Polym. 2020; 249116886Crossref Scopus (12) Google Scholar, 39.Komeno M. et al.Two novel α-l-arabinofuranosidases from Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 43 cooperatively degrade arabinan.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2019; 85e02582–18Crossref PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar, 40.Sasaki Y. et al.Characterization of a GH36 α-D-galactosidase associated with assimilation of gum arabic in Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum JCM7052.J. Appl. Glycosci. 2021; 68: 47-52Crossref PubMed Google Scholar]. The genomes of B. longum strains isolated from elderly individuals display a higher abundance of genes predicted to encode extracellular α-l-arabinofuranosidases, being important for the metabolism of various arabinose-containing glycans. Consistent with its genomic content, it has been shown that the dietary intake of arabinoxylan results in an increase of B. longum [41.Nguyen N.K. et al.Gut microbiota modulation with long-chain corn bran arabinoxylan in adults with overweight and obesity is linked to an individualized temporal increase in fecal propionate.Microbiome. 2020; 8: 118Crossref PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar]. Lastly, a recent study showed that certain B. pseudocatenulatum strains encompass an endo-1,4-β-xylanase-encoding gene that allows metabolism of plant-derived long-chain xylans, while it also enhanced the occurrence of this species in the gut of adults taking a diet rich in long-chain xylans [32.Watanabe Y. et al.Xylan utilisation" @default.
• W4280493760 created "2022-05-22" @default.
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• W4280493760 date "2022-10-01" @default.
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• W4280493760 title "Insights into endogenous Bifidobacterium species in the human gut microbiota during adulthood" @default.
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• W4280493760 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2022.04.004" @default.
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